High Performance Liquid Chromatography‑mass Spectrometry Analysis of High Antioxidant Australian Fruits with Antiproliferative Activity Against Cancer Cells
Joseph Sirdaarta2,3, Anton Maen3, Paran Rayan2,3, Ben Matthews4, Ian Edwin Cock2,3★★ Corresponding author
- 1Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 2 School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, 4111 Queensland, Australia.
- 2Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222 Queensland, Australia.
CORRESPONDENCE
Ian Edwin Cock
Smart Water Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222 Queensland, Australia.
Received: 18-11-2014; Revised: 01-07-2015.
Volume 12, Issue 46s · pp. S181–S194 · PUBLISHED 11 May 2016 · DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.182178
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ABSTRACT
Background: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment and prevention of several cancers. Recent reports have identified several native Australian fruits with high antioxidant capacities. Despite this, several of these species are yet to be tested for anticancer activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from high antioxidant native Australian fruits were analyzed for antioxidant capacity by the di (phenyl)‑(2,4,6‑trinitrophenyl) iminoazanium free radical scavenging assay. Antiproliferative activities against CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by a multicellular tumor spheroid‑based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: Methanolic extracts of all plant species displayed high antioxidant contents (equivalent to approximately 7–16 mg of vitamin C per gram of fruit extracted). Most aqueous extracts also contained relatively high antioxidant capacities. In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform, and hexane extracts of most species (except lemon aspen and bush tomato) had lower antioxidant contents (below 1.5 mg of vitamin C equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic extracts of all species were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation. The methanolic lemon aspen extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 480 and 769 µg/mL against HeLa and CaCo2 cells, respectively. In contrast, the lower antioxidant ethyl acetate and hexane extracts (except the lemon aspen ethyl acetate extract) generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation or inhibited to only a minor degree. Indeed, most of the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts induced potent cell proliferation. The native tamarind ethyl acetate extract displayed low‑moderate toxicity in the A. franciscana bioassay (LC50 values below 1000 µg/mL). All other extracts were nontoxic. A total of 145 unique mass signals were detected in the lemon aspen methanolic and aqueous extracts by nonbiased high‑performance liquid chromatography‑mass spectrometry analysis. Of these, 20 compounds were identified as being of particular interest due to their reported antioxidant and/or anticancer activities. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity and antiproliferative activity of the high antioxidant plant extracts against HeLa and CaCo2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.
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Sirdaarta, J., Maen, A., Rayan, P., Matthews, B., & Cock, I. E. (2016). High Performance Liquid Chromatography‑mass Spectrometry Analysis of High Antioxidant Australian Fruits with Antiproliferative Activity Against Cancer Cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 12(46s), S181–S194. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.182178