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    Zerumbone Ameliorates the Induced Atherosclerosis‑Initiated Inflammatory Conditions through Suppression of

    Proinflammatory Mediators1, Inflammatory Cytokines Hemn Hassan Othman2,3★, Heshu Sulaiman Rahman4,5, Sherwan Hamasalih Omer4, Syam Mohan6, Mohammed Abdulabbas Hasan7, Kawa Amin8, Nagi A. AL.Haj9, Hareth Yahya Ahmed10, Noordin Mohamed Mustapha2★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
    2. 2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy.
    3. 3Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaimaniyah.
    4. 4Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, Sarchinar District, Sulaimaniyah, Republic of Iraq.
    5. 5Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
    6. 6Biology Science Department, College of Education for Women, Thi-Qar University, Thi-Qar.
    7. 7Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, 46001 Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq.
    8. 8Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen.
    9. 9Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Inflammatory Cytokines Hemn Hassan Othman

    Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy.

    Received: 18-12-2020; Revised: 22-04-2021; Accepted: 05-08-2021.

    Volume 17, Issue 75 · pp. 419–427 · PUBLISHED 11 November 2021 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_549_20

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Objectives: This study investigated the anti‑inflammatory effect of ZER in mitigating the formation and development of early atherosclerotic lesions in rabbits fed with high‑cholesterol diet. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 New Zealand White rabbits were used in two experimental studies carried out at different times. The first experiment was carried out to investigate the prophylactic effects of ZER in preventing premature atheromas plaque formation. In contrast, the second experiment was carried out to assess the therapeutic efficacy of ZER in reducing atheromas lesion progression and dissemination. Results: ZER significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the inflammatory response through suppression of proinflammatory mediators (nuclear factor kappa‑light‑chain‑enhancer of activated B‑cells, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase‑2), which leads to decrease in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin [IL]‑6, IL‑1, and IFN‑γ) evaluated by western blotting and enzyme immunoassay techniques, respectively. Conversely, suppression and reduction of inflammatory mediators then contribute to minimizing macrophages recruitment, which is evident by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent assays of regulation of ACE2 and morphogenesis 11 (RAM‑11). In addition, ZER significantly (P < 0.05) reduces the expression of RAM‑11 in the intimal plaque in all supplemented and treated groups in a dose‑dependent manner, which is much profound in the prophylactic trial. Conclusion: The results of the study clearly concluded that ZER is an anti‑inflammatory agent alone as a prophylactic measure or in combination with simvastatin as a remedy. In effect, dietary consumption of ZER can be viewed as beneficial in preventing and attenuating early atherosclerosis.

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      Mediators, P., Othman, I. C. H. H., Rahman, H. S., Omer, S. H., Mohan, S., Hasan, M. A., Amin, K., AL.Haj, N. A., Ahmed, H. Y., & Mustapha, N. M. (2021). Zerumbone Ameliorates the Induced Atherosclerosis‑Initiated Inflammatory Conditions through Suppression of. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 17(75), 419–427. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_549_20