Immunostimulatory Effects of Complex GPB through Increased TNF‑α Expression and NK Cell Activation
Haeyeop Kim1,+1, Laily Rahmawati1,+1, Yo Han Hong2, Su‑Young Choi4, Jae Y. Cho2,3★★ Corresponding author
- 1Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419.
- 2Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419.
- 3COSMAX NBT, INC., #504, Pangyo Inno Valley E, 255, Pangyo‑ro, Bundang‑gu, Seongnam 13496, South Korea +These authors equally contributed to this work.
CORRESPONDENCE
Jae Y. Cho
Research Institute of Biomolecule Control and Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419.
Received: 26-01-2022; Revised: 20-03-2022; Accepted: 12-07-2022.
Volume 18, Issue 80 · pp. 815–820 · PUBLISHED 23 November 2022 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_40_22
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ABSTRACT
Background: Complex Great Powerful Blend (GPB) (a great powerful blend) is a hot water extract of three well‑known dried fruits: goji berry, mulberry, and jujube. These fruits have been used as food for a long time, and this article sought to confirm the immunostimulatory effects of Complex GPB. Materials and Methods: To do this, in vitro study using RAW264.7 cells and in vivo using normal mice were performed. Cytokine production and NK cell activity levels were measured by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, real‑time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the YAC‑1 cell‑killing assay. Transcription factor activation levels were also determined by western blotting analysis. Results: First, it was confirmed that Complex GPB had no cytotoxic effects on the cells and increased the production levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑a in a concentration‑dependent manner. Additionally, Complex GPB enhanced pro‑inflammatory cytokine expressions such as TNF‑a, IL‑12a, and IL‑1b. Western blotting analysis revealed that activation of the NF‑kB and AP‑1 pathways are involved. Furthermore, in vivo study confirmed that TNF‑a was found to be elevated in the serum and splenocytes of mice‑fed Complex GPB. Cytotoxic activation of NK cells was also increased in mice injected with Complex GPB. Conclusion: These results suggest that Complex GPB has an immune‑enhancing effect, which can be used for immunomodulatory remedies.
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Kim1,+, H., Rahmawati1,+, L., Hong, Y. H., Choi, S., & Cho, J. Y. (2022). Immunostimulatory Effects of Complex GPB through Increased TNF‑α Expression and NK Cell Activation. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 18(80), 815–820. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_40_22