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    Optimization of Ultrasonic‑Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids and Anti‑oxidant Capacity from the Whole Plant of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees by Response Surface Methodology and Chemical Composition Analysis

    Jayalakshmi Ramasamy1, Ruckmani Kandasamy1, Selvamani Palanisamy1★, Subramanian Nadesan1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Selvamani Palanisamy

    National Facility for Drug Development (NFDD), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Anna University, BIT Campus, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

    selva.autpharma@gmail.com

    Received: 20-12-2018; Revised: 31-01-2019.

    Volume 15, Issue 65 · pp. 547–556 · PUBLISHED 19 September 2019 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_647_18

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Objective: The objective of this study is to optimize the UAE conditions such as ethanol concentration (50%–100%), solvent‑to‑solid ratio (10–50 mL/g), and sonication time (20–60 min) for the extraction of flavonoids and anti‑oxidant capacity (AOC) from A. echioides (L.) Nees whole plant (AEWP) using the RSM strategy with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Materials and Methods: UAE conditions, i.e. ethanol concentration, solvent‑to‑solid ratio, and sonication time, were optimized with the corresponding responses of flavonoid yield and %DPPHAOC and %ABTSAOC by RSM. The effect of ultrasound on plant material was analyzed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). The efficiency of the optimized extract was analyzed using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and liquid chromatography‑mass spectra (LC‑MS). Results: The BBD provided adequate mathematical models that accurately describe the behavior of the technique and help to predict the flavonoid yield, %DPPHAOC and %ABTSAOC from AEWP. The optimized UAE conditions were 77% of ethanol concentration, 35 mL/g of solvent‑to‑solid ratio, and 41 min of sonication time. Under these extraction conditions, UAE would obtain a maximum of 10.91 ± 0.04 mg CE/g for flavonoid yield, 87.36 ± 0.06% for %DPPHAOC, and 85.14 ± 0.03% for %ABTSAOC. The obtained experimental results of all the responses are in good agreement with the predicted values. SEM analysis explores the effect of UAE compared with the conventional extraction. The FTIR and LC‑MS analysis revealed that the optimized extract of AEWP is rich in flavonoids; apart from the known flavonoids, five new flavonoids were identified from this optimization study. Conclusion: The study confirmed that UAE was the effective extraction method for the extraction of flavonoids from AEWP with ethanol as a solvent of choice with a low solvent usage in a reasonable time.

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      Ramasamy, J., Kandasamy, R., Palanisamy, S., & Nadesan, S. (2019). Optimization of Ultrasonic‑Assisted Extraction of Flavonoids and Anti‑oxidant Capacity from the Whole Plant of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees by Response Surface Methodology and Chemical Composition Analysis. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 15(65), 547–556. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_647_18