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    Article

    Ginkgo biloba Ameliorates Fluoride Toxicity in Rats by Altering Histopathology, Serum Enzymes of Heme Metabolism and Oxidative Stress without Affecting Brain mGluR5 Gene

    Sugavasi Raju2,3, Senthilkumar Sivanesan3★, Kanchanalatha Gudemalla4★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Anatomy, Fathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India.
    2. 2Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
    3. 3Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College and General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Senthilkumar Sivanesan

    Department of Anatomy, Viswabharathi Medical College and General Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India.

    senbio@gmail.com

    Received: 18-12-2019; Revised: 05-02-2020; Accepted: 17-03-2020.

    Volume 16, Issue 70S · pp. S320–S326 · PUBLISHED 28 August 2020 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_534_19

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The genus <em>Cissus</em> (Vitaceae) is known for its medicinal properties. <em>Cissus quadrangularis</em> is a well-known medicinal plant, but other species are less explored. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of <em>Cissus arnottiana</em>, <em>Cissus heyneana</em>, and <em>Cissus vitiginea</em>. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extracts of the aerial parts of the three <em>Cissus</em> species were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and phosphomolybdenum assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the protein denaturation inhibition assay. Results: <em>C. heyneana</em> showed the highest TPC (142.35 ± 2.15 mg GAE/g) and TFC (88.45 ± 1.52 mg QE/g). In the DPPH assay, <em>C. heyneana</em> exhibited the lowest IC50 value (45.20 ± 1.12 µg/mL). All three species showed significant anti-inflammatory activity, with <em>C. heyneana</em> showing the highest inhibition (78.45% at 500 µg/mL). Conclusion: The results suggest that <em>C. heyneana</em> is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

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      Raju, S., Sivanesan, S., & Gudemalla, K. (2020). Ginkgo biloba Ameliorates Fluoride Toxicity in Rats by Altering Histopathology, Serum Enzymes of Heme Metabolism and Oxidative Stress without Affecting Brain mGluR5 Gene. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 16(70S), S320–S326. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_534_19