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    Comparison of Antioxidant Levels and Anti‑Inflammatory Activities of Kelulut Honey Harvested at Different Month of Intervals and its Chemical Compositions

    Muhammad Aiman Haiqal Ismail1★, Nurul Sharina Rasyidah Badrulhisham1, Vuanghao Lim2, Armania Nurdin1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Hanis Hazeera Harith, Yoke Keong Yong 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor.
    2. 2Cluster of Integrative Medicine, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang.
    3. 3Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Muhammad Aiman Haiqal Ismail

    Hanis Hazeera Harith, Yoke Keong Yong 2 Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor.

    yoke_keong@upm.edu.my

    Received: 21-10-2019; Revised: 18-12-2019; Accepted: 17-03-2020.

    Volume 16, Issue 70S · pp. S350–S359 · PUBLISHED 28 August 2020 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_451_19

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the optimum time for harvesting kelulut honey (KH) by determining its antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory activities and chemical composition at different harvesting times. Materials and Methods: KH harvested at three different intervals (1, 2, and 3 months) was supplied by Rimbunan Hijau Bee Farm, located in Sarawak, Malaysia. The total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant level of KH were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent and 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl, 2,2’‑azino‑bis (3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid), and ferric‑reducing ability of plasma assays, respectively. The cytotoxicity and anti‑inflammatory effects of KH were evaluated on murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) by 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced nitric oxide (NO) production. The chemical composition of KH was analyzed by gas chromatography‑mass spectrometry (GC‑MS). Results: TPC and antioxidant levels of KH collected at different intervals showed no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). KH at 1% concentration showed no cytotoxic activity toward RAW 264.7 cells after 24 h incubation. However, 1% KH showed no inhibition on NO production in LPS‑induced RAW cells compared to the control. GC‑MS revealed that hydroxymethylfurfural was present with the highest concentration in all samples. Conclusion: This study suggests that harvesting time does not influence the biological activities of KH.

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      Ismail, M. A. H., Badrulhisham, N. S. R., Lim, V., & Nurdin, A. (2020). Comparison of Antioxidant Levels and Anti‑Inflammatory Activities of Kelulut Honey Harvested at Different Month of Intervals and its Chemical Compositions. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 16(70S), S350–S359. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_451_19