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    Identification of Chemical Constituents and Inhibitory Effect of Ficus deltoidea Fraction against Lipopolysaccharide‑Induced Nuclear Factor‑Kappa B Inflammatory Pathway in Murine Macrophage 264.7 Cells

    Rameshkumar Santhanam1★, Gothai Sivapragasam2, Thiruventhan Karunakaran3,4, Katyakyini Muniandy2, Senthilkumar Palani Kandasamy5, Arulselvan Palanisamy6,7★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.
    2. 2Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.
    3. 3Centre for Drug Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia.
    4. 4School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
    5. 5Department of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram.
    6. 6Muthayammal Centre for Advanced Research, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Affiliated to Periyar University, Namakkal.
    7. 7Scigen Research and Innovation Pvt. Ltd, Periyar Technology Business Incubator, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Rameshkumar Santhanam

    Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu.

    ramesh@umt.edu.my

    Received: 15-09-2020; Revised: 26-11-2020; Accepted: 09-03-2021.

    Volume 17, Issue 74 · pp. 236–243 · PUBLISHED 12 July 2021 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_433_20

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Objectives: The aim is to determine the anti‑inflammatory mechanism of various solvent fractions of F. deltoidea methanol extract against Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF‑κB) inflammatory pathway in murine macrophage 264.7 cells and to identify the chemical constituents present in the active fraction. Materials and Methods: The effect of crude methanolic extract and its fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol) on murine macrophages against LPS‑induced pro‑inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]‑Iβ, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF‑α], and IL‑6) and biomarkers were tested using enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. The chemical constituents present in the active fraction were identified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Results: The findings indicated that among all the fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction of F. deltoidea substantially inhibits the LPS‑induced inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and pro‑inflammatory cytokine production including TNF‑α, IL‑6, and IL‑1 β in a dose‑dependent manner. The expression of inducible NO synthase, NO synthase, and cyclooxygenase‑2 were also effectively downregulated by the treatment of ethyl acetate fraction. Moreover, it also suppressed the expression of LPS‑induced NF‑κB translocation correlated with the inhibition of NF‑κB (inhibitor of kappa B alpha) degradation. The presence of bioactive phenolics, especially flavonoids such as catechin, vitexin, dodecadienyl coumaric acid, (epi)‑afzelechin‑(epi)‑catechin, genistein, and apigenin derivatives were identified in the ethyl acetate fraction of F. deltoidea. Conclusion: Overall, it has been recommended that the ethyl acetate fraction of F. deltoidea could be utilized as a potential natural anti‑inflammatory agent.

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      Santhanam, R., Sivapragasam, G., Karunakaran, T., Muniandy, K., Kandasamy, S. P., & Palanisamy, A. (2021). Identification of Chemical Constituents and Inhibitory Effect of Ficus deltoidea Fraction against Lipopolysaccharide‑Induced Nuclear Factor‑Kappa B Inflammatory Pathway in Murine Macrophage 264.7 Cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 17(74), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_433_20