Phcog.Net logo
Submit

BROWSE ALL JOURNALS

    SEE ALL 6 JOURNALS
    Pharmacognosy MagazineNOW IN
    Article

    GC–MS Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology‑Based Investigation of Molecular Mechanism of Identified Metabolites from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers for the Treatment of Kidney Diseases

    Gaurav Gaurav2,3, Mohammad Umar Khan3,4, Parakh Basist2,3, Sultan Zahiruddin2,3, Mohammad Ibrahim3, Rabea parveen5, Anuja Krishnan6, Sayeed Ahmad2,3★★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Unani Medicine (Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology), India.
    2. 2Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India.
    3. 3Department of Food and Technology, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, India.
    4. 4Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India.
    5. 5Institute of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062, India.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Sayeed Ahmad

    Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, India.

    sahmad_jh@yahoo.co.in

    Received: 18-12-2021; Revised: 18-02-2022; Accepted: 29-03-2022.

    Volume 18, Issue 79 · pp. 548–558 · PUBLISHED 19 September 2022 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_582_21

    View on Pharmacogn. Mag. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (T. cordifolia) is a well‑known Indian medicinal plant containing several nonpolar and polar constituents that play an important role to mitigate various ailments, such as diabetes, urinary disorders, and hepatoprotective. Due to the lack of evidence on phytopharmacological relevance to the unpredicted nonpolar matrix of T. cordifolia, the present study aimed to evaluate the metabolomic pattern of different fractions obtained from aqueous extract of T. cordifolia, which has been recommended in AYUSH for various ailments including kidney disorders. Materials and Methods: High‑performance thin‑layer chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses were performed on aqueous extracts and hexane, dichloromethane, and methanolic fraction of T. cordifolia aqueous extract to evaluate fingerprinting and metabolomic profile. Principal components and pharmacokinetic analysis were performed using XLSTAT and in‑silico SwissADME tool to determine metabolite variability and pharmacokinetic relationship based on lipophilicity and drug‑likeness. Further, network pharmacology analysis was performed to determine the exact biomolecular relationship of T. cordifolia in alleviating kidney disease. Results: The GC–MS metabolomics results showed several metabolites in different fractions with high variability of phytoconstituents in the methanolic fraction. In pharmacokinetics, each metabolite exhibited a direct correlation between drug lipophilicity and permeability. Network pharmacological suggested five fatty acids, which significantly interacted with the genes such as AGTR1, ATG, RELA, NOS3, NOS2, REN, INS, IL6, TNF, MAPK1, and CASP3, which could potentially regulate various pathophysiological conditions, such as hypertension, insulin resistance, oxidative and inflammatory stress, and electrolyte homeostasis, thereby strengthening the normal function of the kidney. Conclusion: The study showed that six metabolites of T. cordifolia play a multimechanistic role in alleviating kidney disease.

    KEYWORDS

    Open in new tab

    REFERENCES

    As published

    Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

      Cite this article

      SELECT FORMAT

      Gaurav, G., Khan, M. U., Basist, P., Zahiruddin, S., Ibrahim, M., parveen, R., Krishnan, A., & Ahmad, S. (2022). GC–MS Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology‑Based Investigation of Molecular Mechanism of Identified Metabolites from Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers for the Treatment of Kidney Diseases. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 18(79), 548–558. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_582_21