Regulation of Glutamate and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors in Rats with Depression by Sniffing the Essential Oil of Citrus × aurantium L. [Rutaceae]

ABSTRACT

Background: Modern research has proved that the volatile oil (VO) of Citrus × aurantium L. [Rutaceae] has the effect of treating depression, but the mechanism of treating depression by sniffing has not been studied. Objectives: To study the mechanism of VO on depression. Materials and Methods: Part I: Except for the blank group, the sniffing group and nasal drip group were continuously administered for 7 days to investigate the optimal administration method. Part II: Except for the blank group, the model, positive group, high, medium, and low dose group of VO were established by chronic unpredictable stress test. The VO was given on the 7th day of modeling for 17 consecutive days. The expression of neurotransmitters and receptors in the brain was determined. The medicinal ingredients in rat brain tissue and blood were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results: Compared with nasal drip, sniffing administration has less irritation to the nasal mucosa. The VO could reduce the forced swimming immobility time, adjust the activity state, increase the content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), reduce the content of glutamate, and upregulate the expression of GABAα1, GABAγ2, and their mRNA. The main pharmaceutical component is d-limonene. Conclusion: d-limonene in VO upregulates GABAα1, GABAγ2 expression to treat depression.

KEYWORDS

• γ-Aminobutyric acid
• Glu
• depression
• essential oil
• sniff

Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

• DOI10.1177/09731296241281431Copy

RELATED ARTICLES

Matched on section and article type within this issue of Pharmacogn. Mag..

• Article · VOLUME 21, ISSUE 2Pinobanksin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia– Reperfusion Injury in Rats through Mitigating the Inflammatory ResponsesTianmin Bie, Feng Jia, Yongmei Wang, Zhuoyan Pan · pp. 413–422Original Research ArticleSame type: Article
• Article · VOLUME 21, ISSUE 2Extraction and in vitro and in vivo Antioxidant Activity Evaluation of Polyphenols from Lychee PericarpYing Wang, Hong Deng, Chuqin Yu, Junfeng Ban, Shu Zhang · pp. 423–432Original Research ArticleSame type: Article
• Article · VOLUME 21, ISSUE 2Discussion about the Role of Ghrelin in Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion and its Possible MechanismGang Huang, Nan Zheng, Yinqing Huang · pp. 433–442Original Research ArticleSame type: Article
• Article · VOLUME 21, ISSUE 2Sanggenol L Reduces LPS-induced Myocardial Injury and Inflammation by Activating PI3K/ AKT/mTOR and Inhibiting NF-κB in RatsHaojun Wang, Tao Jin, Yuehan Mao, Yi Wei · pp. 443–453Original Research ArticleSame type: Article