Phcog.Net logo
Submit

BROWSE ALL JOURNALS

    SEE ALL 6 JOURNALS
    Pharmacognosy ResearchNOW IN
    Article

    Investigations on the Anticancer Properties of Bark Extract of Couroupita guianensis against Breast Cancer

    Nisha Ramesh Dubashi1, Prashant Dodamani1, Madan Desai1, Neelam Mishra2, Ramakrishna3, Badarinath Druvarao Kulkarni1,2★★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Biotechnology, KLE Society’s P.C. Jabin Science College, Hubli, Karnataka, INDIA.
    2. 2Department of Biotechnology, Khaja Bandanawaz University, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, INDIA.
    3. 3Department of Microbiology, Government Autonomous College, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Badarinath Druvarao Kulkarni

    1Department of Biotechnology, KLE Society’s P.C. Jabin Science College, Hubli, Karnataka, INDIA. 2Department of Biotechnology, Khaja Bandanawaz University, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, INDIA.

    badari88@gmail.com

    Received: 12-09-2025; Revised: 24-10-2025; Accepted: 05-12-2025.

    Volume 18, Issue 2 · pp. 353–358 · PUBLISHED Apr-Jun 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260111

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background One of the major causes of death in women is breast cancer worldwide. There are a lot of shortcomings in the proper diagnosis of breast cancer at early stages in the medical field. Unremitting research is going on for detecting breast cancer in the early stages as the possibility of a cure is bright. Objectives The present study on the C. guianensis plant aims to demonstrate the bioactive principles of methanol and aqueous bark extract and their potential cytotoxic properties. Materials and Methods The bark extracts of C. guianensis were subjected for sequential extraction using various solvents of increasing polarity for therapeutic analysis such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenesis and cytotoxicity. Results The bioactive compounds might have acted synergistically making these extracts potent and can be used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Antiangiogenesis assay was performed by CAM assay showcasing antiangiogenesis and it showed the aqueous methanol extract of C. guianensis successfully demonstrated anticancer activity against MDA-MB-231 breast cancer Cell lines. Conclusion The present plant extracts may have potential bioactive compounds which can be utilized for therapeutic applications.

    KEYWORDS

    0% READ

    FULL TEXT

    INTRODUCTION

    In recent times, one of the major causes of death and a hindrance to high life expectancy is cancer (Sung et al., 2021). It is the word reported that, over 19.3 million new cancer diagnosis instances and about 10 million mortality cases in 2020, (Debela et al., 2021) By the year 2030, this rate might go upto 21.4 million fresh cases and 13.2 million deaths (Gupta et al., 2015). Small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and immunotoxins are preliminary categories of targeted cancer therapy (Baudino et al., 2015). In females, most prevalent and second greatest death cause among the world population is breast cancer. Among all the cancers, breast cancer is the second most common cause of death and it is mostly found in the females of age group 45 and 55 years. The frequency of breast cancer is almost 1 in 8 women, necessitating various treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy (Baudino et al., 2015). Chemotherapy is one of the ways to treat this disease and the developments in anticancer remedies have enhanced patient care. Regrettably, conformist chemical drugs also are the reason for adversative side effects on native cells/tissue, such as inhibition of bone marrow function, vomiting, queasiness, and alopecia (Baskar et al., 2014). Recent studies have suggested that natural antioxidants and many phytochemicals could be effective adjuvant therapies for cancer treatment due to their anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties (Baudino et al., 2015). Consequently, there is a constant quest to identify anticancer compounds from plants to find safer substitutions and reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, given the numerous advantages of natural herbal medicines (Singh et al., 2016). The use of herbal medicines to address various ailments dates to ancient times, such as in Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, and has become deeply ingrained in human culture (Yin et al., 2013). Furthermore, phyto-based medicines are the basis of contemporary pharmaceuticals and exploration for novel and efficient extracts from medicinal plants remains in central attraction in recent years because of the presence of diverse bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds (Kumar et al., 2006). Medicinal plants are considered as the basis for the development of various pharmacopiel and non pharmacopiel drug formulations. Apart from that plants are essential for the development of human cultures around the world (Ouerghemmi et al., 2016). Couroupita guianensis belonging to Lecythidaceae family is well recognized for its medicinal and ornamental values. The plant is commonly called a Cannonball tree because of the cannonball appearance of its fruits (Sheba et al., 2020; Garg et al., 2021). The chemical constituents present in the plant is α-amirin, β-amirin, β-sitosterol, nerol, tryptanthrine, indigo, indirubin, isatin, linoleic acid, carotenoids and sterols (Wong et al., 2011). Hence, the primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of extracts of Couroupita guianensis against Breast cancer cell line.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Collection of plant material

    The C. guanensis plant material (bark) was collected from Hubli, Karnataka, India in the month of May 2025. After being cleaned off the dust particles by running tap water, the tree bark was dried under the shade for 15-20 days, powdered coarsely, and stored in cool and dry place using airtight containers.

    Solvent phytoextraction

    The phytochemicals were extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with different solvents such as chloroform, acetone, methanol and water in the ratio of 1:10. After the extraction, they were dried using flash evaporatorand stored in airtight containers.

    Qualitative phytochemical analysis

    Detection and qualitative estimation of phyto chemicals of all the plant extracts was carried out by standard methods (Tiwari et al., 2011).

    GCMS profiling

    GCMS analysis was performed for the methanol extract of C. guianensis plant using GCMS model GCMS-QP2010S. Fused silica used as closed column and Helium gas used as mobile phase for separation of active components present in the test sample. The identification of components was based on the comparison of their mass spectra with those of NIST 11 mass spectral library (Davies, 1990; Massada, 1996).

    In vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging assay

    This assay was performed with all four extracts of C. guianensis is conferring to the method given by (RiceEvans et al., 1997). Ascorbic acid was used as a positive control. The DPPH scavenging activity of each sample was calculated using the following equation:

    where Ac is the absorbance of the control reaction (100 μL of ethanol with 100 μL of the DPPH solution) and At is the absorbance of the test sample. The whole experimental setup was performed in triplicates. The results are expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD).

    Evaluation of anti -inflammatory activity by Protein denaturation method

    In vitro antiinflammatory activity was executed by using protein denaturation assay. This activity was performed following the method developed by (Padmanabhan et al., 2012). Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard (Reactin100, Cipla Pharmaceuticals). Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) was used to take the control readings. The experimental setup was performed in triplicate. The results are expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD).

    The inhibition percentage was measured by the formula:

    Where Ac is the absorbance of the control and At is the absorbance of the test sample.

    DNA Cleavage Study

    The DNA cleavage study of the C. guianensis bark extract was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis using the yeast DNA as a target. The sample of 100 μL was mixed with the target DNA. The combination was then incubated at 37ºC for 2hr. Subsequently, the DNA and the sample were mixed with the tracking dye bromophenol blue (1:1). It was then loaded into 1% agarose wells along with one control well and was electrophoresed at 50V for 30 min using Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 8.0). The bands were visualized under UV Light and photographed for analysis (Jebiti et al., 2015).

    In vivo Anti angiogenesis activities of Couroupita guianensis extract.

    In vivo antiangiogenic activity was performed by Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. The CAM assay was performed according to the method of Lokman et al., 2012. The CAM assay does not require any ethical approvals to perform the experiment.

    Evaluation of cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 cell line

    In vitro cytotoxicity assay was carried out by MTT assay on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. The percentage inhibition of growth was calculated, after subtracting the background and the blank. The concentration of the test drug needed to inhibit cell growth by 50% (IC50) was produced from the dose-response curve for the cell line (Alley et al., 1986).

    RESULTS

    Phytochemical analysis

    The preliminary phytochemical investigation disclosed the existence of ‘alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones, glycosides, lignins’ and sterols in various extracts such as chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. Specifically, the chloroform extract contained alkaloids, the acetone extract contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins, and the methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and carbohydrates. The aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, and carbohydrates.

    GCMS profiling

    Methanol extract was subjected to GC MS profiling, phytochemicals such as 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, Tetradecanoic acid, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Bis(2-Methylpropyl) Ester, Methyl EsterHexadecanoic Acid, Hexadecanoic Acid, Octadecanoic Acid Methyl Ester, Octadecanoic Acid 1-Hexadecanol, acetate, 9-Octadecenamide, Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester, Octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, beta-Amyrin were found in NIST library. The aqueous extract was subjected to GCMS profiling, phytochemicals such as 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, Hexadecenoic acid, Octadecanoic acid, beta-Amyrin were found in NIST library (Table 1).

    Table 1: GCMS Profiling of Methanol and Aqueous Extract of Couroupita Guianensis.
    Methanol Extract
    Peak#NameBase m/z
    12-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol150.05
    2Tetradecanoic Acid73
    31,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Bis(2-Methylpropyl) Ester149.05
    4Hexadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester74
    5Hexadecanoic Acid73.05
    6Octadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester74
    7Octadecanoic Acid73.05
    81-Hexadecanol, Acetate83.1
    99-Octadecenamide59
    10Hexadecanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-1-(Hydroxymethyl)Ethyl Ester98.1
    11Octadecanoic Acid, 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl Ester98.1
    129-Octadecenamide59
    13.Beta.-Amyrin218.15
    Aqueous Extract
    Peak#NameBase m/z
    15-Hydroxymethyl furfural97.05
    2Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester74
    3Hexadecanoic Acid73
    4Octadecanoic acid73

    In vitro Antioxidant activity by 2,2Diphenyl2Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay

    DPPH assay was executed with four different extracts and ascorbic as a standard. Aqueous extract showed maximum antioxidant activity at 100 µg/mL (58.51±11.87), followed by that, methanolic extract at 80 µg/mL (58.02±5.10) showed maximum antioxidant activity. The results are expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) (Figure 1).

    Figure 1: In vitro antioxidant activity of C. guianensis extracts by DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay.

    In vitro anti-inflammatory activity

    The different concentrations of the chloroform, acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts of Couroupita guianensis were subjected to an anti-inflammatory activity assay by protein denaturation method with Reactin 100 (Cipla Pharmaceuticals Ltd.,) as the standard drug. The assay revealed a significant anti-inflammatory property of the extracts. The aqueous extract possesses maximum anti-inflammatory activity at 250 µg/mL (85.58±9.31%), followed by the methanolic extract at 200 µg/mL (81.95±2.35%).

    DNA cleavage of Couroupita guianensis extract

    The DNA Cleavage of Couroupita guianensis extract was analysed as there were very faint bands seen in lane 2 (DNA+Methanol extract) and lane 3(DNA+Aqueous extract) of the gel plate, suggesting that the extract possesses DNA cleavage activity.

    In vivo Anti-angiogenesis activities of Couroupita guianensis extract by CAM (chick Chorioallantoic membrane) assay

    The present study carried out on the C. guianensis revealed that the plant possesses anti-angiogenesis properties with methanol and aqueous extracts. The methanol and aqueous extract were injected and eggs were observed on the 6th day of incubation, showing the potential of narrowed blood vessels with methanol (50 µg/mL) and aqueous (50 µg/mL) extracts (Figure 2).

    Figure 2: In vivo antiangiogenesis activities of C. guianensis by CAM Assay. a) Control, b) Aqueous Extract (50 µg/mL ), c) Methanol Extract (50 µg/mL).

    In vitro assay for cytotoxic activity on MDA-MB-231 cell line

    Cytotoxicity results of Couroupita guianensis methanol extract showed an enhanced effect with increasing concentration exhibiting IC50=185.64 µg/mL, as the concentration of Couroupita guianensis methanol extract increases the cell viability decreases (Figure 3). Cytotoxicity results of the aqueous extract showed enhanced effect with increasing concentration exhibiting IC50=202.35 µg/mL, as the concentration of aqueous extract increases the cell viability decreases (Figure 3).

    Figure 3: In vitro cytotoxicity assay of C. guianensis methanol and aqueous extracts on MDA-MB-231 Cell lines.

    DISCUSSION

    Plants possess various medicinal properties is known since the ancient time because of this property there is an high interest of using plants belonging to different families in treating and curing several deceases, (Patti et al., 2019). Several research unveiled that C. guianensis has various medicinal properties due to the presence of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as alkaloids, glycocides, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, phytosterols, tannins, etc, has many beneficial property whose presence in the plants make them quintessential in the therapeutic usage.

    GCMS profiling of methanolic and aqueous extracts revealed phytochemicals such as 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol, which can induce cell cycle arrest (Jeong and Jeong, 2010), Tetradecanoic acid showcases antiurease, antielastase and antioxidant properties (Sokmen et al., 2014), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid has cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties (Krishnan et al., 2014), Bis(2-Methylpropyl) Ester possesses antimicrobial activity (Peng et al., 2017), Methyl Ester, Hexadecanoic Acid exhibits antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, nematicide, and pesticidal activity (Mazumder et al., 2020), Octadecanoic Acid Methyl Ester showcase anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity (Reagan et al., 2013)1-Hexadecanol acetate, 9-Octadecenamide possess anticancer, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities (Cheng et al., 2010), 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester exhibits antioxidant, nematicidal and hypocholesteremic activities (Tyagi and Agarwal, 2017), 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester shows antimicrobial activity (Canli et al., 2023), beta.-Amyrin shows anti-inflammaatory and antitumor activities (Viet et al., 2021).

    The results of the DPPH assay may be due to the synergistic activity of the phytochemicals revealed by GCMS analysis, which were present in the extracts and possess radical scavenging properties against DPPH free radicals.

    An ailment known as inflammation occurs when various immune cells gather at the site of damage. These inflammatory responses could be either long-term or short-term. The non-steroidal drugs that are employed presently pose side effects in the form of gastric problems. Protein denaturation is a well-studied root of inflammation. As part of the investigation on the mechanism of the anti-inflammation activity, the capacity of phytoextract to constrain protein denaturation was evaluated. The methanol extract showcased the highest anti-inflammatory activity, which indicates least protein denaturation at the site of inflammation (Kulkarni et al., 2019).

    Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. So anti-angiogenesis drugs are used to stop tumors from growing their blood vessels. The phytochemicals present in this plant extracts may be preventing transcription of the angiogenesis factors of VEGF and HIF1α. (Hoseinkhani et al., 2020).

    The MTT assay results of the extracts of C. guianensis methanol and aqueous extracts revealed that the cytotoxic effect was dose-dependent. Among both the extracts methanol extract was found to be more cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 cells compared to aqueous extract. This is due to the presence of a large number of phytoconstituents in methanol extract when compared to aqueous extract. These phytoconstituents might have acted synergistically to reduce the number of active cells.

    CONCLUSION

    The present study carried out on the C. guianensis plant successfully demonstrated that the methanol and aqueous bark extract consist of various bioactive compounds. These bioactive compounds might have acted synergistically, making these extracts potent and can be used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. The aqueous and methanol extracts of C. guianensis successfully demonstrated the anticancer activity against the MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Thus, from the present study, it is concluded that the plant C. guianensis may be used to treat the disease that is caused due to oxidative stress and inflammation and it might be a potent source in treating cancer.

    REFERENCES

    As published

    Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

    1. 1.Alley, M. C.; Scudiero, D. A.; Hursey, M. L.; Czerwinski, M. J.; Fine, D. L.; Abbott, B. J. et al. Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay. Cancer Research. 1988;48:589–601.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    2. 2.Baskar, R.; Dai, J.; Wenlong, N.; Yeo, R.; Yeoh, K.-W.. Biological response of cancer cells to radiation treatment. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. 2014;1:Article 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2014.00024DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    3. 3.Baudino, T. A.. Targeted cancer therapy: The next generation of cancer treatment. Current Drug Discovery Technologies. 2015;12(1):3–20. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163812666150602144310DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    4. 4.Canli, K.; Turu, D.; Benek, A.; Bozyel, M. E.; Simsek, Ö; Altuner, E. M.. Biochemical and antioxidant properties as well as antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Allium scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae (Vved.) Stearn. Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 2023;45(6):4970–4984. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb45060316DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    5. 5.Das, S.; Koner, A.; Mobarak, S. H.; Barik, A.. Attraction of the biocontrol agent, Lema praeusta, towards two Commelinaceae weed volatiles. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2021;145(9):869–889. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12899DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    6. 6.Davies, N. W.. Gas chromatographic retention indices of monoterpenes on methyl silicone and Carbowax 20M phases. Journal of Chromatography A. 1990;503:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(01DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    7. 7.Debela, D. T.; Muzazu, S. G.; Heraro, K. D.; Ndalama, M. T.; Mesele, B. W.; Haile, F. et al. New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. Sage Open Medicine. 2021;9:1–10.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    8. 8.Garg, A. K.; Faheem, M.; Singh, S.. Role of medicinal plants in human health and disease. International Journal of Current Research. 2020;12:14695–14697.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    9. 9.Gupta, M.; Dahiya, J.; Marwaha, R. K.; Dureja, H.. Therapies in cancer treatment: An overview. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015;7:1–9.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    10. 10.Haribabu, J.; Jeyalakshmi, K.; Arun, Y.; Bhuvanesh, N. S. P.; Perumal, P. T.; Karvembu, R.. Synthesis, DNA/protein binding, molecular docking, DNA cleavage and in vitro anticancer activity of nickel(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes. RSC Advances. 2015;5(57):46031–46049. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA04498GDOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    11. 11.Hoseinkhani, Z.; Norooznezhad, F.; Rastegari-Pouyani, M.; Mansouri, K.. Medicinal plants extracts with antiangiogenic activity: Where is the link?. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2020;10(3):370–378. https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.045DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    12. 12.Jeong, J. B.; Jeong, H. J.. 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol can induce cell cycle arrest by blocking the hyper-phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in benzo[a]pyrene-treated NIH3T3 cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2010;400(4):752–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.08.142DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    13. 13.Krishnan, K.; Mani, A.; Jasmine, S.. Cytotoxic activity of bioactive compound 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid. International Journal of Molecular and Cellular Medicine. 2014;3(4):246–254.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    14. 14.Kulkarni, B. D.; Hoskeri, J. H.; Vedamurthy, A. B.. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco. Pharmacognosy Research. 2019;11(3):260–266. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_48_19DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    15. 15.Kumar, V. P.; Chauhan, N. S.; Padh, H.; Rajani, M.. Search for antibacterial and antifungal agents from selected Indian medicinal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006;107(2):182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.013DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    16. 16.Linton, R. E. A.; Lihan, S.; Ahmad, I.. The effect of combination of octadecanoic acid, methyl ester and ribavirin against measles virus. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research. 2013;2(10):181–184.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    17. 17.Lokman, N. A.; Elder, A. S. F.; Ricciardelli, C.; Oehler, M. K.. Chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as an in vivo model to study the effect of newly identified molecules on ovarian cancer invasion and metastasis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2012;13(8):9959–9970. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13089959DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    18. 18.Massada, Y.. Analysis of essential oils by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons. 1996.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    19. 19.Mazumder, K.; Nabila, A.; Aktar, A.; Farahnaky, A.. Bioactive variability and in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of unprocessed and processed flour of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species: A comprehensive substantiation. Antioxidants. 2020;9(4):Article 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040282DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    20. 20.Ouerghemmi, I.; Rebey, I. B.; Rahali, F. Z.; Bourgou, S.; Pistelli, L.; Ksouri, R. et al. Antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds from extracts of cultivated and wild-grown Tunisian Ruta chalepensis. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis. 2017;25(2):350–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.04.001DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    21. 21.Padmanabhan, P.; Jangle, S. N.. Evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of herbal preparation, a combination of four herbal plants. International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences. 2012;2:109–116.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    22. 22.Patti, F.; Taheri, Y.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Martorell, M.; Cho, W. C.; Pezzani, R.. Erythrina suberosa: Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and biological activities. Medicines. 2019;6(4):Article 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines6040105DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    23. 23.Peng, W.; Li, D.; Zhang, M.; Ge, S.; Mo, B.; Li, S. et al. Characteristics of antibacterial molecular activities in poplar wood extractives. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2017;24(2):399–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.10.026DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    24. 24.Rice-Evans, C.; Miller, N.; Paganga, G.. Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds. Trends in Plant Science. 1997;2(4):152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(97DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    25. 25.Sheba, L. A.; Anuradha, V.. An updated review on Couroupita guianensis Aubl.: A sacred plant of India with myriad medicinal properties. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology. 2020;9(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.15171/jhp.2020.01DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    26. 26.Singh, S.; Sharma, B.; Kanwar, S. S.; Kumar, A.. Lead phytochemicals for anticancer drug development. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016;7:Article 1667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01667DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    27. 27.Sokmen, B. B.; Hasdemir, B.; Yusufoglu, A.; Yanardag, R.. Some monohydroxy tetradecanoic acid isomers as novel urease and elastase inhibitors and as new antioxidants. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2014;172(3):1358–1364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0595-2DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    28. 28.Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R. L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    29. 29.Tiwari, P.; Kaur, M.; Kaur, H.. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A review. Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia. 2011;1:98–106.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    30. 30.Tyagi, T.; Agarwal, M.. GCMS analysis of invasive aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research. 2017;9(3):111–117. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017.v9i3.19970DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    31. 31.Viet, T. D.; Xuan, T. D.; Anh, H.. α-amyrin and β-amyrin isolated from Celastrus hindsii leaves and their antioxidant, anti-xanthine oxidase, and anti-tyrosinase potentials. Molecules. 2021;26(23):Article 7248. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237248DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    32. 32.Wong, K. C.; Tie, D. Y.. Volatile constituents of Couroupita guianensis Aubl. flowers. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1995;7(2):225–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1995.9698507DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    33. 33.Yin, S.-Y.; Wei, W.-C.; Jian, F.-Y.; Yang, N.-S.. Therapeutic applications of herbal medicines for cancer patients. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013;Article 302426. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/302426DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR

    Cite this article

    SELECT FORMAT

    Dubashi, N. R., Dodamani, P., Desai, M., Mishra, N., Ramakrishna, & Kulkarni, B. D. (2026). Investigations on the Anticancer Properties of Bark Extract of Couroupita guianensis against Breast Cancer. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(2), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260111