Phcog.Net logo
Submit

BROWSE ALL JOURNALS

    SEE ALL 6 JOURNALS
    Pharmacognosy ResearchNOW IN
    Article

    Promising Source of Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, and Antibacterial Actions of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Juice Extracts Using Different Solvents

    C Reddy Prasad1, D Santhoshi Roopa2, Mahesh B Modhol3, Senthilkumar Sivanesan4, Thirunavukkarasu Jayaraman1★★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College, SIMATS, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
    2. 2Department of Pharmacology, Arundathi Institute of Medical Sciences, Malkangiri, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA.
    3. 3Department of Pharmacology, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA.
    4. 4Department of Centre for Laboratory for Animal Research, Saveetha Medical College, SIMATS, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Thirunavukkarasu Jayaraman

    Professor and Head, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Medical College, SIMATS, Thandalam, Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

    thirunavukkarasu75@outlook.com

    Received: 12-01-2025; Revised: 26-02-2026; Accepted: 09-04-2026.

    Volume 18, Issue 3 · pp. 963–970 · PUBLISHED Jul-Sep 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260291

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background The highly nutritious pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is valued for its numerous bioactive substances, such as phenols, flavonoids, and tannins, which provide to its numerous health-enhancing properties. Objectives The nutritional composition, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial properties of pomegranate fruit juice preparations were examined in this work by using solvents with different polarity (aqueous ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane). Materials and Methods Qualitative and quantitative analyses confirmed that aqueous ethanol extracts consist the highest levels of total phenolics and flavonoids, which strongly correlated with antioxidant activity. Results Antioxidant assays revealed that aqueous ethanol extracts demonstrated the strongest radical scavenging capacity (IC50 = 15.20 µg/mL) and highest ferric reducing power (13.1±0.6 mg AAE/g DW) compared with other extracts. In antibacterial screening, aqueous ethanol extracts displayed broad-spectrum inhibitory effects, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusion These findings highlight that solvent choice plays a critical role in extracting phytochemicals from pomegranate juice and that aqueous ethanol yields extracts with potent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. This study exposes the possible outcomes of pomegranate juice as a natural basis of functional biologically active substances for therapeutic and nutraceutical applications.

    KEYWORDS

    0% READ

    FULL TEXT

    INTRODUCTION

    Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) has long been recognized as a rich source of biological active phytochemicals, particularly polyphenols such as punicalagins, punicalins, ellagic acid, anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and tannins, that are primarily present in the peel, husk, and juice (Amyrgialaki et al., 2014; De Souza et al., 2020; Brighenti et al., 2017). The methods of extraction and solvent utilised have a significant effect on the composition and output of these chemical substances. Conventional methods such as Soxhlet extraction with methanol or ethanol yield high levels of polyphenols, with methanol often proving slightly more effective (Ahmetovic et al., 2025). In recent years, advanced techniques which include microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, enzyme-assisted, and supercritical fluid extraction have demonstrated improved extraction efficiency, shorter processing times, and higher-quality extracts, though they require greater optimization and investment for large-scale applications (Pm et al., 2024; Jauhar et al., 2018). Solvent polarity plays a decisive role: ethanol-water mixtures are particularly effective for hydrophilic compounds, while the inclusion of acid (e.g., citric or hydrochloric acid) further enhances the extraction of punicalins and ellagic acid (Amyrgialaki et al., 2014; Brighenti et al., 2017). Despite their simplicity, methods such as maceration are less efficient, underscoring the importance of optimized extraction conditions including temperature, solvent-to-solid ratios, and particle size (Li 011, De Souza et al., 2020). The development of eco-friendly extraction strategies combining green solvents and novel technologies holds promise for maximizing polyphenolic yields for dietary supplements and natural health products (Pm et al., 2024; Jauhar et al., 2018).

    Pomegranate phytochemicals contain powerful antioxidant properties as they include a large quantity of compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, gallic acid and other components that scavenge free radicals and avoid lipid peroxidation (Singh et al., 2002; Yasoubi et al., 2007; Turkmen et al., 2021; Wijanti et al., 2023). DPPH radical scavenging, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and lipid oxidation inhibition assays are frequently used to assess their antioxidant activity; greater efficacy is demonstrated by reduced IC50 levels (Chasanah, 2021; Turkmen et al., 2021). Among different parts of the fruit, the peel consistently demonstrates the maximum total phenolic content and antioxidant potential, often more active than the seeds and juice (Singh et al., 2002; Yasoubi et al., 2007; Turkmen et al., 2021). Methanol and acetone, particularly when combined with ultrasound-assisted methods, are especially effective for extracting phenolics from the peel, producing extracts with superior antioxidant activity compared to water or ethanol alone (Turkmen et al., 2021; Chasanah, 2021). Emerging methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation and decoction have further enhanced antioxidant yields, with hydrodynamic cavitation offering high activity under mild conditions (Kaneria et al., 2012; Minutolo et al., 2023). Although juice and aril extract also display considerable phenolic content, their antioxidant activities are generally weaker than peel extracts, reflecting compositional differences (Lantzouraki et al., 2016; Būdienė et al., 2021).

    In addition to their antioxidant activities, pomegranate polyphenols exhibit significant antibacterial action against bacteria of all kinds, including multidrug-resistant strains (Banu, 2019; Mendes et al., 2023; Nuamsetti et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2023; Bouneb et al., 2021). Peel extracts have shown antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when prepared by solvents like ethanol, methanol water, or acetone (Nuamsetti et al., 2012; Hazzani et al., 2013; Gosset-Erard et al., 2021). Gallic acid, Punicalagin, ellagic acid, and different water-soluble tannins are the bioactive compounds primarily responsible for these outcomes. These compounds exhibit antibacterial effects by a different mechanism, such as breakdown of bacteria's membranes, hindering proteins that are linked to bacterial resistance, restriction of efflux pumps, and also structural breakdown of bacterial cell wall (Mendes et al., 2023; Dey et al., 2012). Importantly, some extracts enhance the activity of antibiotics like ciprofloxacin against resistant Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting synergistic applications (Dey et al., 2012).

    Pomegranate polyphenols were associated with valuable cardioprotective qualities in contrast to their antimicrobial properties. They improve endothelial function, decrease the synthesis of macrophage foam cells, restrict the oxidative damage of Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), and retard the development of plaque formation (Aviram et al., 2002; Delgado et al., 2020; Aviram and Rosenblat, 2013; Benchagra et al., 2021). Clinical and preclinical studies further indicate that pomegranate polyphenols lower blood pressure, enhance Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity, and reduce oxidative stress, thereby reducing cardiovascular risk (Viuda‐Martos et al., 2010; Saparbekova et al., 2022; Alami et al., 2023; Siddiqui et al., 2024). Their combined antioxidant and antimicrobial activities also support potential applications as natural food preservatives and therapeutic agents (Kumar et al., 2018; Viuda‐Martos et al., 2010). Nevertheless, while in vitro and animal studies strongly support these effects, evidence from clinical trials remains limited and occasionally inconsistent, underscoring the need for further translational research (Ferrara et al., 2022; Alami et al., 2023).

    Considering the above context, the focus of this study was to evaluate both the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical profiling of pomegranate fruit juice preparations prepared with three different solvents used. in addition to their antimicrobial capacity against both Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria was studied and their ability to scavenge free radicals was checked using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assays. By linking solvent-dependent extraction efficiency with biological activities, this study goals to contribute to the optimization of pomegranate polyphenol utilization for functional food and therapeutic applications.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Sample- Plant Material

    In April 2025, freshly picked pomegranate fruits were collected from pomegranate bushes. Healthy fruits free of biological contamination or notable defects in appearance were accepted. Using double-distilled water (ddH₂O) fruits were washed twice and disinfected with 150 µL/L sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 min. Arils were manually detached and processed for juice extraction (Cite: standard disinfection and preparation protocols).

    Extraction of Juice and Phytochemicals

    Pomegranate juice was prepared manually, and extracts were obtained using three solvents of varying polarity: aqueous ethanol (70% ethanol:30% water), hexane and ethyl acetate. The solvent and juice combinations were mixed in an incubator (Stuart TM, SBS40, China) at 100 revolutions per minute over 4 hr at 35ºC. Upon filtering the extracted substances, solvents are allowed to dry at the usual temperature. For further examination, the dried extracts are kept in air-tight containers at 4ºC (Turkyilmaz et al., 2013; Idris & Atif, 2017).

    Phytochemical Analysis

    Qualitative Screening

    Qualitative phytochemical analysis was accomplished to detect major phytochemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, etc.) using standard procedures described by Evans WC (2009), Yang et al., (2009).

    Total Phenolic Content (TPC)

    By using Folin-Ciocalteu test is employed to identify total phenolic count Y Li et al., (2006); Li, (2011). 0.3 mL of extracts and 1.7 mL 10% of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were added together and the resulting mixture then underwent incubation for 10 min at room temperature A UV-vis spectrophotometer was deployed to identify absorbance at 760 nm. Results are presented as milligram Gallic Acid Equivalents per gram of Dry Weight (mg GAE/g DW) based on calibration curve a gallic acid. All outcomes were made in triplicate.

    Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)

    Total flavonoid count was evaluated by using Li, (2011) and Yang et al., (2009). extract solution. following 40 min of room temperature incubation, absorbance was taken at the wavelength of 415 nm.

    The calibration graph was developed by quercetin, then the outcomes were presented as milligrams of quercetin equivalents per gramme of dry weight (mg QuE/g DW).

    Antioxidant Activity

    DPPH Radical Scavenging Assay

    The DPPH method serves to calculate the extracts' free radical ability. Sweidan et al., (2023). 3 mL of a 0.1 millimolar solution of DPPH mixture in methanol were added to extracts (50-250 µg/mL). Absorbance was detected at the wavelength of 517 nm after a 30 min dark incubation time at room temperature. The following equation were utilised to calculate the radical scavenging action:

    Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP)

    An FRAP method was carried out according to Benzie and Strain (1996). Ardekani et al., 2011 or equivalent standard. In brief, 500 μL of plant extract was dissolved in 1 mL of 1% K₃Fe (CN) with 1 mL of a buffered phosphate (0.2 M, pH= 6.6).₆. The reaction fluid absorbance was detected at 700 nm upon a 15-min incubation time at 37ºC. Outcomes were expressed as mg ascorbic acid equivalents per gramme of dry mass (mg AAE/g DW), using ascorbic acid acting being the standard for measurement.

    Antibacterial activity

    Microbial Strains and Culture Conditions

    Gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and gram-negative organisms (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 35657) were tested to examine the extracts' antibacterial properties. prior to their use, isolates were grown in nutrient broth at 37ºC and stored in glycerol stocks at -80ºC. The drug used as the positive reference is fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin (Cite: CLSI guidelines for antimicrobial assays).

    Agar Diffusion Assay

    The agar-well diffusion technique was adopted to determine the antibacterial effect. In short, Mueller-Hinton agar plates were coated with overnight culture strains of bacteria that were adjusted by about 4 × 10² CFU/mL. Aseptic wells about a width of 1.5 mL were stocked with 100 µL of extract mixtures (Turkyilmaz et al., 2013; Betanzos-Cabrera et al., 2015). Plates were incubated over between 16 and 18 hr at 37ºC. Bacterial growth inhibition is estimated in millimetres. with included both negative (solvent) and positive vehicle controls.

    Ethical Statement

    This study is performed in vitro lab and there is no participation of animals and humans in any manner.

    Statistical Analysis

    The tests were carried out in triplicate, in addition the data is presented as average and Standard Deviation (SD). SPSS v.20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was adopted for data analysis. 2 factor ANOVA were employed to analyse variance between groups, and p<0.05 was chosen for the statistical significance range.

    RESULTS

    Qualitative Phytochemical analysis

    Primary phytochemical screening of pomegranate juice extracts revealed the existence of some important macromolecules (Table 1). Extracts obtained with aqueous ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane exhibited distinct phytochemical profiles, reflecting the impact of polar nature of solvent on the extraction process.

    Table 1: Preliminary qualitative analysis of phytochemicals.
    TestInference
    Aqueous ethanolEthyl acetateHexane
    Steroid---
    Alkaloid---
    Carbohydrate++-
    Tannin+-+
    Terpenoid+++
    Saponins---
    Flavonoids+++
    Coumarins---
    Resin+++
    Carboxylic acid---
    Amino acids+--
    Phenols+++
    Quinone---
    Fats---

    Overall, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and resins were consistently detected across most extracts, whereas alkaloids, steroids, saponins, coumarins, carboxylic acids, quinones, and fats were absent. Carbohydrates were present in both aqueous ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, while amino acids were detected only in the aqueous ethanol extract. Notably, tannins were present in aqueous ethanol and hexane extracts but absent in the ethyl acetate fraction. Among the identified groups, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were emphasized due to their well-documented antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective properties. These findings provide preliminary evidence of the broad phytochemical diversity in pomegranate juice and justify further quantitative and functional assays to determine their biological relevance.

    Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content

    Depending on the used solvent, pomegranate juice extracts’ Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) total phenolic count varied markedly (Table 2). Aqueous ethanol extracts exhibited the maximum levels of flavonoid and phenolic constituents out of all studied solvents, with average levels of 20.12±12.20 mg QuE/g DW and 27.55±3.12 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. In contrast, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts yielded comparatively lower values.

    Table 2: Total phenolic content and flavonoid content of extracts.
    Plant ExtractPolyphenols (mg GAE/g dw)Flavonoids (mg QE/g dw)
    Aqueous ethanol27.55±3.1220.12±12.2
    Ethyl acetate14.46±16.8613.89±16.12
    Hexane13.72±17.345. 97±3.52

    Ethyl acetate extracts recorded 14.46±16.86 mg GAE/g DW for phenolics and 13.89±16.12 mg QuE/g DW for flavonoids, while hexane extracts contained 13.72±17.34 mg GAE/g DW and 5.97±3.52 mg QuE/g DW. The observed differences highlight the role of solvent polarity in determining extractability, with aqueous ethanol proving most effective for both phenolics and flavonoids.

    The calibration curve for TPC was established using gallic acid (y = 0.0077x - 0.0635, R² = 0.939), while TFC was quantified based on a quercetin calibration curve (y = 0.0094x - 0.069, R² = 0.9245). The reliability of both standard curves confirms the robustness of the quantitative measurements.

    Antioxidant activities

    Pomegranate juice extracts' antioxidant potential was determined using DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP tests, with gallic acid acting as the standard reference (Table 3).

    Table 3: Antioxidant activity compared with gallic acid standard.
    Antioxidant activities
    DPPH (IC50values, µg/mL)FRAP (mg AAE/g dw)
    Aqueous ethanol15.213.1±0.6
    Standard gallic acid13.0911.4±1.0

    The aqueous ethanol extract exhibited net worthy free radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC₅₀ value of 15.20 µg/mL. Although gallic acid exhibited stronger activity (IC₅₀ = 13.09 µg/mL), the extract retained considerable potency, corresponding to approximately 1.16-fold lower activity than the standard.

    Similarly, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) analysis confirmed the antioxidant potential of the aqueous ethanol extract, which achieved 13.1±0.6 mg AAE/g DW, surpassing the activity of gallic acid (11.4±1.0 mg AAE/g DW). These outcomes indicate that phenolic-rich extracts of pomegranate juice possess strong antioxidant activity, and suggest that phenolic content is a major determinant of variation in antioxidant capacity among extracts.

    Antibacterial Activity

    The agar well-diffusion technique was applied for evaluating the antibacterial effectiveness of pomegranate juice extracts against both Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E. coli,) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) bacteria. The results (Table 4 and Figure 1) revealed broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, although the degree of inhibition varied across extracts and test organisms.

    Figure 1: Antibacterial action of various extracts on different bacterial strains by agar-well diffusion assay with numbered labels for controls and solvents. (1-positive control, 2- Negative control, 3- Vehicle control, 4- Aqueous ethanol, 5- Ethyl acetate, 6- Hexane).
    Table 4: Antibacterial activity (Zone of inhibition).
    SamplesTest Organisms
    Escherichia coliStaphylococcus aureusKlebsiella pneumoniaePseudomonas aeruginosa
    Diameter of zoi (mm)
    Positive12.4±0.211.3±0.310.4±0.113.2±0.2
    Negative0.100.10.2
    Vehicle0.20.10.10.1
    Aqueous ethanol10.3±0.312.45±0.513.2±0.90.3±0.3
    n- butyl alcohol0.20.5±0.30.4±0.20.4±0.1
    Hexane0.4±0.20.3±0.20.2±0.40.2

    The aqueous ethanol extract demonstrated the most effective activity, producing inhibition zones ranging from 10.3±0.3 mm against E. coli to 13.2±0.9 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Interestingly, it exhibited greater inhibition against S. aureus (12.45±0.5 mm) compared with the positive control (11.3±0.3 mm). In contrast, n-butyl alcohol and hexane extracts showed minimal or negligible inhibitory effects, with inhibition zones generally below 1 mm. Positive control (chloramphenicol) produced consistent inhibition across all strains, while negative (nutrient broth) and vehicle (DMSO) controls were inactive, confirming the activity was specific to the bioactive constituents of pomegranate extracts. These findings suggest that phenolic-rich aqueous ethanol extract contributes substantially to the antibacterial properties of pomegranate juice.

    DISCUSSION

    Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is widely consumed as a nutritious fruit and has long been admired in conventional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Its fruits are known to be rich in bioactive phytochemicals, particularly phenolic compounds, which contribute to their diverse biological effects, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. However, the composition and concentration of these compounds are strongly influenced by agricultural practices, cultivar type, geographic origin, maturation stage, and extraction methodology (Mphahlele et al., 2014).

    In the current investigation, qualitative screening discovered the occurrence of major phytochemical groups such as phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, amino acids, and resins in pomegranate aril extracts. Among the solvents tested, aqueous ethanol extract demonstrated the most comprehensive phytochemical profile, confirming its efficiency in extracting polar bioactive compounds. These findings align with earlier reports that phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins are the predominant phytochemical classes in pomegranate pulp and juice (Beaulieu et al., 2015). The variation in solubility and extraction efficiency highlights the importance of solvent polarity, as different phytoconstituents partition differently depending on solvent properties.

    The antioxidant potential of pomegranate juice extracts, assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays, further established the strong free radical scavenging and reducing power of the aqueous ethanol extract (Dey et al., 2014). The IC₅₀ value obtained in the DPPH assay indicated substantial radical scavenging activity, comparable to gallic acid, a standard phenolic antioxidant. This is consistent with the known role of phenolic compounds as hydrogen donors and electron donors, neutralizing free radicals and breaking radical chain reactions.

    Our FRAP results also highlighted the superior reducing capacity of the aqueous ethanol extract, reflecting its richness in electron-donating phenolic compounds. These findings are in line with previous studies showing that ethanol-water extracts of pomegranate peels and arils exhibit the highest phenolic content and antioxidant activity (Kumar et al., 2023). Moreover, differences between solvents emphasize that antioxidant efficacy depends not only on total phenolic concentration but also on structural variations and synergistic interactions among individual compounds.

    Alongside antioxidant effect, aqueous ethanol extracts confirmed superior antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Gram-positive (S. aureus), with inhibition zones comparable or superior to those of the positive control. In contrast, n-butyl alcohol and hexane extracts showed negligible inhibitory effects. These findings suggest that phenolic-rich extracts are primarily responsible for antibacterial activity. Previous studies similarly reported moderate to strong antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extracts of pomegranate peel and juice against pathogenic microorganisms (Dahham et al., 2010; Rosas-Burgos et al., 2017).

    The antibacterial effect of pomegranate extracts has been credited to polyphenols, particularly ellagitannins and flavonoids, which may disrupt bacterial cell walls, interfere with enzyme activity, or inhibit nucleic acid synthesis (Dey et al., 2012). The broad-spectrum activity observed in this study supports their potential application as natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial agents.

    IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

    Overall, our findings confirm that aqueous ethanol is the most suitable solvent for extracting bioactive compounds from pomegranate arils, yielding extracts with strong radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities. This reinforces the potential of pomegranate juice as a functional food ingredient with therapeutic benefits. However, future work should involve:

    • Structural characterization of active compounds using advanced techniques (HPLC, LC-MS, NMR).
    • Mechanistic studies to clarify modes of action of individual phytochemicals.
    • In vivo studies to validate bio-efficacy and safety for clinical applications.

    CONCLUSION

    This study demonstrated that pomegranate juice extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals, particularly flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, which help significantly to their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Among the tested solvents, aqueous ethanol verified to be the most effective for extracting these bioactive compounds, yielding the highest levels of total phenolic and flavonoid content as well as superior antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The strong association between phytochemical content and biological activity confirms the role of phenolic compounds as major contributors to the health-promoting properties of pomegranate. Nevertheless, the findings also suggest that other bioactive components may be involved, warranting further investigation. Overall, these results reinforce the potential of pomegranate juice as a natural functional food and provide a basis for future research into its therapeutic applications and compound-specific mechanisms.

    REFERENCES

    As published

    Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

    1. 1.Ahmetovic, E; Smajlagić, A; Ćurić, S; Divković, L; Djedović, B; Džafić, A et al. Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques and Solvents on Yield of Polyphenolic Compounds from Pomegranate Peel (lat. Punica granatum). Journal of Scientific Research and Reports. 2025. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i53072DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    2. 2.Alami, M; Boumezough, K; Khalil, A; Ramchoun, M; Boulbaroud, S; Fulop, T et al. The Modulatory Bioeffects of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Polyphenols on Metabolic Disorders: Understanding Their Preventive Role against Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients. 2023;15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234879DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    3. 3.Alami, A; El Ouali Lalami, A; Annemer, S; El-Akhal, F; Ez Zoubi, Y; Farah, A. Chemical composition and larvicidal properties of essential oils from wild and cultivated Artemisia campestris L., an endemic plant in Morocco. The Scientific World Journal. 2023;5748133.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    4. 4.Amyrgialaki, E; Makris, D; Mauromoustakos, A; Kefalas, P. Optimisation of the extraction of pomegranate (Punica granatum) husk phenolics using water/ethanol solvent systems and response surface methodology. Industrial Crops and Products. 2014;59:216–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2014.05.011DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    5. 5.Ardekani, MR; Hajimahmoodi, M; Oveisi, MR; Sadeghi, N; Jannat, B; Ranjbar, AM et al. Comparative antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content of Persian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research. 2011;10(3):519.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    6. 6.Aviram, M; Rosenblat, M. Pomegranate for Your Cardiovascular Health. Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal. 2013;4. https://doi.org/10.5041/RMMJ.10113DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    7. 7.Aviram, M; Dornfeld, L; Kaplan, M; Coleman, R; Gaitini, D; Nitecki, S et al. Pomegranate juice flavonoids inhibit low-density lipoprotein oxidation and cardiovascular diseases: studies in atherosclerotic mice and in humans. Drugs under experimental and clinical research. 2002;28:2–3.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    8. 8.Banu, T. Antibacterial Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Fruit Peel Extracts Against Antibiotic Resistant Gram- Negative Pathogenic Bacteria. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications. 2019. https://doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/12.4/38DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    9. 9.Beaulieu, JC; Lloyd, SW; Preece, JE; Moersfelder, JW; Stein-Chisholm, RE; Obando-Ulloa, JM. Physicochemical properties and aroma volatile profiles in a diverse collection of California-grown pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) germplasm. Food chemistry. 2015;181,354-364.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    10. 10.Benchagra, L; Berrougui, H; Islam, M; Ramchoun, M; Boulbaroud, S; Hajjaji, A et al. Antioxidant Effect of Moroccan Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. Sefri Variety) Extracts Rich in Punicalagin against the Oxidative Stress Process. Foods. 2021;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10092219DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    11. 11.Benzie, IF; Strain, JJ.. The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay (1996). Analytical biochemistry. 239(1):70–76.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    12. 12.Betanzos-Cabrera, G; Montes-Rubio, PY; Fabela-Illescas, HE; Belefant-Miller, H; Cancino-Diaz, JC. Antibacterial activity of fresh pomegranate juice against clinical strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Food & nutrition research. 2015;59(1):27620.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    13. 13.Bouneb, L; Chekroud, Z; Souda, I; Ouchenane, Z. In vitro evaluation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels antibacterial activity against bacteria responsible of diabetic foot infections. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2021. https://doi.org/10.35495/ajab.2020.11.556DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    14. 14.Brighenti, V; Groothuis, S; Prencipe, F; Amir, R; Benvenuti, S; Pellati, F. Metabolite fingerprinting of Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) polyphenols by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection. Journal of chromatography. 2017;1480:20–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.017DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    15. 15.Būdienė, J; Guclu, G; Oussou, K; Kelebek, H; Selli, S. Elucidation of Volatiles, Anthocyanins, Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of cv. Caner Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Juices Produced from Three Juice Extraction Methods. Foods. 2021;10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10071497DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    16. 16.Chasanah, U. Studies on antioxidant activity of red, white, and black pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract using DPPH radical scavenging method. Famasains. Jurnal farmasi dan iimu Kesehatan. 2021;5:51–55. https://doi.org/10.22219/FARMASAINS.V5I2.13472DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    17. 17.Dahham, SS; Ali, MN; Tabassum, H; Khan, M. Studies on antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Am. Eurasian journal of agricultural and environmental science. 2010;9(3):273–81.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    18. 18.Delgado, N; Rouver, W; Santos, R. Protective effects of pomegranate in endothelial dysfunction. Current pharmaceutical design. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200406152147DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    19. 19.De Souza, J; Amaral, V; Alves, T; Batain, F; Crescencio, K; Barros, C et al. Polyphenols isolated from pomegranate juice (Punica granatum L.): Evaluation of physical-chemical properties by FTIR and quantification of total polyphenols and anthocyanins contente. Brazilian Journal of Development. 2020. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n7-234DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    20. 20.Dey, D; Debnath, S; Hazra, S; Ghosh, S; Ray, R; Hazra, B. Pomegranate pericarp extract enhances the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin against extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) producing Gram-negative bacilli. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2012;12:4302–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.09.001DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    21. 21.Dey, P; Dutta, S; Chaudhuri, TK. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves of Clerodendrum viscossum Vent. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2014;6(2):254–258.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    22. 22.Evans, WC.. Trease and Evans' pharmacognosy. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2009.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    23. 23.Ferrara, L; Joksimović, M; D’Angelo, S. Effects of Punica granatum Fruit (a Super Food) Juice on Human Health. Current Nutrition & Food Science. 2022. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401318666220407101325DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    24. 24.Ferrara, E; Piccolella, S; Cice, D; Petriccione, M; Esposito, A; Pacifico, S. Clarification of morphological traits of unexplored ‘Mortarella’ and ‘Camponica’ hazelnut cvs. From the Campania region of Italy, to enhance their shell polyphenol diversity. Food Chemistry. 2025;468:42402.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    25. 25.Gosset-Erard, C; Zhao, M; Lordel-Madeleine, S; Ennahar, S. Identification of punicalagin as the bioactive compound behind the antimicrobial activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels. Food chemistry. 2021;352:129396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129396DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    26. 26.Hazzani, A; Shehata, A; Moubayed, N; Al-Jafari, A; Ataya, F; Daoud, M et al. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) from ancient roots to modern life known with a potent antibacterial activity. Annals of Biological Research. 2013;4:75–87.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    27. 27.Jauhar, S; Ismail-Fitry, MR; Chong, GH; Nor-Khaizura, MA; Ibadullah, WZ. Polyphenol compounds from Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) extracted via various methods and its application on meat and meat products: a review. Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology. 2018;12(1):1–2.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    28. 28.Kaneria, M; Bapodara, M; Chanda, S. Effect of Extraction Techniques and Solvents on Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Leaf and Stem. Food Analytical Methods. 2012;5:396–404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-011-9257-6DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    29. 29.Kanoun, K; Abbouni, B; Gabbés, S; Dellani, S; Zizi, N; Kumar, NN et al. In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Algerian Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) Peels on Some Antibiotic Resistant Gram-Negative and Positive Bacterial Strains. Middle-east journal of scientific research. 2014;21:1579–1589.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    30. 30.Kumar, S; Singh, V; Johar, V; Varma, S; Thakur, R.. Antioxidant Activity, Antibacterial Activity and Phenolic Composition of Pomegranate Fruit: A Review. Journal of Food Chemistry and Nanotechnology. 2023;9(S1):S588–93.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    31. 31.Lantzouraki, D.; Sinanoglou, V; Zoumpoulakis, P; Proestos, C. Comparison of the Antioxidant and Antiradical Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by Ultrasound-Assisted and Classical Extraction. Analytical Letters. 2016;49:969–978. https://doi.org/10.1080/00032719.2015.1038550DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    32. 32.Li, L.. Optimization of the Extraction Process of Polyphenols from the Flower of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in Xinjiang. Food Science. 2011.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    33. 33.Li, Y; Guo, C; Yang, J; Wei, J; Xu, J; Cheng, S. Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract. Food chemistry. 2006;96(2):254–260.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    34. 34.Atif, A. B.; A. M.. Exhaustive extraction of compounds from pomegranate peel and flesh using solvents of varying polarity. Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine. 2017;1(1):10–13.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    35. 35.Mendes, P; Fontoura, G; Rodrigues, L; Souza, A; Viana, J; Pereira, A et al. Therapeutic Potential of Punica granatum and Isolated Compounds: Evidence-Based Advances to Treat Bacterial Infections. International Journal of Microbiology. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/4026440DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    36. 36.Minutolo, A; Gismondi, A; Chirico, R; Di Marco, G; Petrone, V; Fanelli, M et al. Antioxidant Phytocomplexes Extracted from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation Show Potential Anticancer Activity in vitro. Antioxidants. 2023;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12081560DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    37. 37.Montefusco, A; Durante, M; Migoni, D; De Caroli, M; Ilahy, R; Pék, Z et al. Analysis of the phytochemical composition of pomegranate fruit juices, peels and kernels: A comparative study on four cultivars grown in southern Italy. Plants. 2021;10(11):2521.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    38. 38.Mphahlele, RR; Fawole, OA; Stander, MA; Opara, UL. Preharvest and postharvest factors influencing bioactive compounds in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)-A review. Scientia Horticulturae. 2014;178,114-23.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    39. 39.Nuamsetti, T; Dechayuenyong, P; Tantipaibulvut, S. Antibacterial activity of pomegranate fruit peels and arils. Scienceasia. 2012;38:319. https://doi.org/10.2306/SCIENCEASIA1513-1874.2012.38.319DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    40. 40.Pm, Y; Morya, S; Sharma, M. Review of novel techniques for extracting phytochemical compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel using a combination of different methods. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-06090-3DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    41. 41.Rosas‐Burgos, EC; Burgos‐Hernández, A; Noguera‐Artiaga, L; Kačániová, M; Hernández‐García, F; Cárdenas‐López, JL et al. Antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel extracts as affected by cultivar. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2017;3:802–810.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    42. 42.Saparbekova, A; Kantureyeva, G; Kudasova, D; Konarbayeva, Z; Latif, A. Potential of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) by-product with significant antioxidant and therapeutic effects: A narrative review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2022;30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103553DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    43. 43.Siddiqui, S; Singh, S; Nayik, G. Bioactive compounds from pomegranate peels - Biological properties, structure-function relationships, health benefits and food applications - A comprehensive review. Journal of Functional Foods. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2024.106132DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    44. 44.Siddiqui, AW. Phytochemical Evaluation, Chromatographic Screening, Biological Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic activity of Sesbania grandiflora. Frontiers in Health Informatics. 2024;13(6).GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    45. 45.Singh, R; Murthy, K; Jayaprakasha, G. Studies on the antioxidant activity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel and seed extracts using in vitro models. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2002;50(1):81–86. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF010865BDOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    46. 46.Sweidan, N; Abu Rayyan, W; Mahmoud, I; Ali, L. Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Jordanian Pomegranate peels. Plos one. 2023;18(11):295129.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    47. 47.Turkmen, F; Onalan, F; Takci, H. Antioxidant activities of pomegranate peel methanolic and water extracts by in vitro methods. Natural Science and Discovery. 2021. https://doi.org/10.20863/nsd.v4i1.59DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    48. 48.Türkyılmaz, M; Tağı, Ş; Dereli, U; Özkan, M. Effects of various pressing programs and yields on the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content and colour of pomegranate juices. Food chemistry. 2013;138(2-3):1810–8.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    49. 49.Viuda‐Martos, M.; Fernández‐López, J.; Pérez-Álvarez, J. Pomegranate and its Many Functional Components as Related to Human Health: A Review. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety. 2010;9(6):635–654. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1541-4337.2010.00131.XDOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    50. 50.Wijanti, T; Pahlani, E; Lestari, R. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate rind extracts (Punica granatum L.) from different extraction method. Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Keperawatan, Analis Kesehatan dan Farmasi. 2023. https://doi.org/10.36465/jkbth.v23i2.1019DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    51. 51.Yang, J; Martinson, TE; Liu, RH. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of wine grapes. Food Chemistry. 2009;116(1):332–339.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    52. 52.Yasoubi, P; Barzegar, M; Sahari, M; Azizi, M. Total Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Peel Extracts. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology. 2007;9:35–42.GOOGLE SCHOLAR

    Cite this article

    SELECT FORMAT

    Prasad, C. R., Roopa, D. S., Modhol, M. B., Sivanesan, S., & Jayaraman, T. (2026). Promising Source of Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, and Antibacterial Actions of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Juice Extracts Using Different Solvents. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(3), 963–970. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260291