Methanolic Extracts of Capparis ecuadorica Iltis Inhibit the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide‑Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells
Bo Ram Song1, Ji Eun Kim1, Jin Ju Park1, Mi Rim Lee1, Jun Young Choi1, Jin Kyung Noh2, Hyun Keun Song3★, Dae Youn Hwang1★★ Corresponding author
- 1Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea.
- 2Department of Biological Science, University of Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile.
- 3Biomedical Science Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.
CORRESPONDENCE
Hyun Keun Song
Biomedical Science Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea.
Received: 08-11-2019; Revised: 18-12-2019; Accepted: 21-04-2020.
Volume 16, Issue 71 · pp. 644–653 · PUBLISHED 20 October 2020 · DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_464_19
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ABSTRACT
Objectives: In this study, we investigated the anti‑inflammatory activity of a methanolic extract of C. ecuadorica leaves (MCE) in macrophages. Materials and Methods: Anti‑inflammatory responses and mechanisms were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells after pretreatment with MCE. Results: In the MCE + LPS‑treated group, the relative mRNA levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6) were downregulated and protein levels of IL‑6 were also decreased as compared to the vehicle + LPS‑treated group. Furthermore, the MCE + LPS‑treated group showed reduced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as compared to the vehicle + LPS‑treated group; detection of nitrite concentration revealed nitric oxide (NO) to be the reduced ROS. The expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) mRNA and the level of phosphorylation of IκBα were decreased in the MCE + LPS‑treated group. In addition, MCE + LPS‑treated group showed reduced levels of phosphorylation of MAP kinase in comparison to the vehicle + LPS‑treated group. Interestingly, MCE also inhibited other inflammatory mechanisms, namely, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. Conclusion: These results indicate that MCE inhibits inflammatory responses through the inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and NO production, iNOS/COX‑2 expression and nuclear factor‑kappa B (NF-κB) activation, MAPK inhibition, as well as regulation of ER stress and autophagy in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 cells.
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Song, B. R., Kim, J. E., Park, J. J., Lee, M. R., Choi, J. Y., Noh, J. K., Song, H. K., & Hwang, D. Y. (2020). Methanolic Extracts of Capparis ecuadorica Iltis Inhibit the Inflammatory Response in Lipopolysaccharide‑Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 16(71), 644–653. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_464_19