Phcog.Net logo
Submit

BROWSE ALL JOURNALS

    SEE ALL 6 JOURNALS
    Pharmacognosy ResearchNOW IN
    Article

    LCMS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Albizzia lebbeck

    S K Kavitha1, M R Shubha1, H S Yogesh1, D R Bharathi2, Mohammad Ali2★★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Nitte College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA.
    2. 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B G Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Mohammad Ali

    Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University B G Nagara-571448, Karnataka, INDIA.

    alimohammad973@gmail.com

    Received: 14-08-2025; Revised: 24-10-2025; Accepted: 09-12-2025.

    Volume 18, Issue 2 · pp. 538–547 · PUBLISHED Apr-Jun 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260099

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background and Objectives Potential antidepressant properties are shown by the ethanolic extract of Albizzia lebbeck (L.), a member of the Fabaceae family. Triterpenes, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, and indole alkaloids are among the many phytoconstituents that are abundant in the plant. Numerous pharmacological responses, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiepileptic, anticonvulsant, and antifungal, are highlighted in a review of the literature. A wide range of semi-polar components and important secondary metabolites are responsible for the effects that have been reported, these bioactive components might have therapeutic value in the treatment of depression. Materials and Methods After being verified, the plant samples were extracted using ethanol and methanol, examined phytochemically, and then examined using LC-MS. The extracts' antioxidant activity was assessed by the use of DPPH, Assessments for scavenging superoxide anion and hydroxyl group activists Results Several Flavonoids, alkaloids, carbolic acid, steroids, tannic acid, glycosides, and saponins are examples of phytochemicals, were examined by the phytochemical Analysis in the ethanolic (AL) and ethanolic extracts. 58 and 81 chemicals were found in ALEN, ALMN, respectively, by LC-MS analysis. Albizzia lebbeck showed greater radical scavenging activity, as indicated by IC50 values, even though the data showed that both extracts had strong antioxidant qualities. Conclusion According to these results, Albizzia lebbeck (L.) may contain bioactive substances and be a useful source of organic antioxidants for medicinal purposes. This study for future investigations to isolate and discover new chemicals that may have uses in medication development and therapy.

    KEYWORDS

    0% READ

    FULL TEXT

    INTRODUCTION

    According to estimations from the Creation Well-being Group, hopelessness is among the most shared psychological strength situations in the world (Kulwicka et al., 2024) distressing over 280 million people worldwide and contributing significantly to disability (Zulfiqar, S., et al., 2024). Only in the US the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) estimates that 21 million adults-nearly 8.3% of the adult population-had at least one major depressive episode during the preceding 12 months (Nehme, 2024). Since many people are looking for alternatives to conventional pharmacological interventions, this high prevalence has increased demand for effective treatments, such as innovative and natural antidepressants A. lebbeck has long been used to treat stress, respiratory issues, allergies, and cognitive loss because of its calming, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic properties. Its varied phytochemical components, which include alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides, were also emphasized in some recent studies. These components collectively account for the different pharmacological effects. Additionally, preclinical data suggests that A. lebbeck regulates dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters. reduces neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, two of the basic mechanisms linked to depression. Conventional medicines such as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), are helpful for a limited period of time but can have unfavourable side effects and may not work for everyone (Chu et al., 2024). Furthermore, studies reveal that some medications may take weeks to start easing symptoms, which can be distressing for those who need relief right away. Because of these drawbacks and the stigma attached to synthetic drugs, there is a lot of interest in discovering natural antidepressants, especially those with shorter half-lives, fewer side effects, and long-term, sustainable effectiveness (Keller, 2025).

    The demand for natural antidepressants is driven by several factors

    Effectiveness of Certain Natural Compounds: These substances frequently affect neurotransmitters including dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are also targeted by conventional antidepressants but frequently have fewer adverse effects (Dobrek, et al., 2023).

    Preference for Holistic and Plant-Based Treatments: More people are drawn to natural remedies for mental health and prefer holistic health solutions. The inclination for holistic and plant-based therapies is consistent with the growing acceptance of wellness regimens and natural supplements for mental health management (Lavretsky, 2009).

    Interest in Psychedelic Plant Medicine: Even though these substances are now illegal and not generally available in many locations, research indicates that some patients may benefit from their quick and long-lasting effect (Nichols, et al., 2021).

    The Role of Lifestyle and Diet in Mental Health: lifestyle modifications can significantly affect mental health. Because they provide a natural, easily available method of supporting mental health, interest in nutraceuticals and functional foods that promote brain health is growing (Heidari, et al., 2023).

    Significance of Albizia lebbeck

    The tree species Albizia lebbeck, which belongs to the Fabaceae family, is original to the tropics and semitropical sections of South and Southeast Asia. It is frequently referred to as the "Siris tree" or "Indian walnut" (Rajora, 2024). It has long been used in outdated drug, particularly in Ayurvedic and Unani therapies, due to its numerous therapeutic advantages (Verma, 2013). Numerous ailments, such as infections, inflammation, skin conditions, respiratory conditions, and allergies, are treated with the bark, leaves, seeds, and roots of the A. lebbeck tree (Brewbaker, 2004).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Plant material

    Fresh leaves of Albizzia lebbeck were collected from the been on irritation and dried, The sample was authenticated by Dr. V. Ram Rao, Dept of botany, Uttara Halli (Hobli), Kanak Pura main road Bangalore-560109. Ref. RRCBI-1637. The collected dried leaves powered is used for the study.

    Chemicals

    We bought ethanol, methanol, H2SO4, NaOH, FeCl3, HCl acetone, glacial acetic acid, ammonia, sodium bicarbonate, chloroform, and Bangalore, India.

    Solvent extracts

    To get ethanolic (AL) extract, 10 g of shade-dried entire Albizzia lebbeck plant material was crushed and macerated for 8 hr. in a Soxhlet device with 100 mL of 95% ethanol and methanol. A rotary evaporator was used to evaporate the filtrate at 40ºC after the crude liquid extract had been filtered through Whatman no. 1 paper. For later usage, dried crude Albizzia lebbeck were stored in a desiccator in airtight containers.

    Qualitative phytochemical analysis

    Standard protocols were used to screen for Albizzia lebbeck. (Shaikh and Patil, 2020) 10 mL of Benedict's reagent were added to the crude extracts, heated, and the presence of carbohydrates was verified by the appearance of a reddish-brown precipitate. Dragendorff's reagent was added after the plant extracts were boiled for 2 min with 2% H2SO4 and filtered Alkaloids are present when a reddish-brown precipitate is present. After applying Millon's reagent to the crude extracts, the development of a white precipitate indicates the presence of protein. When crude extract was added to a FeCl3 (2%) solution in the ferric chloride test, Phenols and tannins were present because a blue-green precipitate formed. Crude extract, For the zinc-HCl decrease test, a small amount of zinc dust and a few drops of durable HCl were collective. Flavonoids are present when a magenta colour is produced. Extracts were combined with concentrated H2SO4 and chloroform for Salkowski's test. and the creation of a golden yellow or greyish colour shows the existence of triterpenes or steroids. In the Froth test, after vigorously mixing the extracts with A few drops of a solution of sodium bicarbonate, they were left for 3 min. The development of a honeycomb-like foam indicates the presence of saponin. Excerpts remained combined with glacial acetic acid, drops of FeCl3, and concentrated H2SO4 for the Keller-Kilani test. The presence of glycoside is shown by the development of a brown ring. Chloroform and ammonia were applied to the extracts for treatment. The presence of anthracene derivatives is indicated by a pink, red colour development. When sodium hydroxide was added to the crude extract, quinone was detected by the production of a reddish-green colour (Bontrager's test). For the paper test, a drop of extracts was undisturbedly positioned between two filter papers.

    LC-MS analysis

    Sample Preparation

    10 mg of the sample extract are dissolved in 2 mL of ethanol, filtered, and then injected.

    Method

    0.1% formic acid in liquid (aqueous phase, A) and acetonitrile (organic phase, B) were current in the portable phase. By means of the following program, A flow rate of 0.2 mL/min was used for gradient elution: 2% B was maintained for the first minute. From 1 to 6 min, it increased linearly to 50% B; and from 6 to 12 min, it increased linearly to 95% B. From 12 to 16 min, the composition was maintained at 95% B. From 16 to 17 min, it was re-equilibrated at 2% B, and it was maintained there for three more minutes. After inoculating a 5 µL sample amount, During the research, the support oven was maintained at a constant temperature of 22ºC. An Electrospray Collective Ionization (ESCi) source that works in both positive and negative ionization modes was used to achieve mass spectrometric detection. The following instrument settings were optimized: probe temperature at 450ºC, 150º "The source temperature was maintained at [specify ºC if needed], with a nitrogen cone gas flow of 50 L/h and a desolation gas flow of 750 L/h. Data acquisition and processing were performed using Mass Lynx software (version 4.1, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA) (Shaikh, et al., 2020).

    Antioxidant Assays

    Another way to describe antioxidants is compounds that capture toxic forms of oxygen and stop them from causing cell damage. Mechanistic definitions of antioxidants usually Centre on their capacity to donate electrons or hydrogen. Tests based on a single electron transfer reaction or hydrogen transfer tests are the two main categories into which many commonly used tests for antioxidant capacity fall. These tests evaluate the sample's capacity to scavenge or reduce free radicals rather than its ability to function as an antioxidant defense mechanism (Apak, 2018).

    DPPH radical scavenging assay

    2 mL of methanol and 2 mL of 0.1 mM DPPH were mixed. The absorbance was immediately measured at the 517 nm control wavelength. 2 mL of test extracts and 2 mL of DPPH were combined and shaken well. The test samples were incubated for half an hour. Methanol was used as a blank to measure the wavelength of absorption at 517 nm. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was reported as Mean±SEM, and all tests were conducted in triplicate. The IC50 was computed together with the percentage of scavenging activity. 0.1 mM DPPH + Methanol Test as a control: 0.1 mM DPPH15 + Acrbic Acid Standard or Sample (SLNA) (Mandal, et al., 2009).

    Super oxide free radical scavenging assay

    5 mL of Tris-HCl buffer (16 mM, pH 8.0) including 2 mL of sample solution, 2 mL of Tris-HCl, 1 mL of NBT (300 μM) solution, and one mL of NADH (936 μM) solution were used to create superoxide radicals. 1 mL of PMS solution (120 μM) was added to the mixture to initiate the reaction. After incubation at 25ºC for 5 min, the absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 560 nm using a spectrophotometer against a blank. L-ascorbic acid served as the reference standard. All experiments were conducted in triplicate, and the antioxidant activity of the extracts was expressed as Mean±SEM. The percentage scavenging activity was calculated, and the IC₅₀ values were determined. The reaction mixture consisted of Tris-HCl buffer, NBT, NADH, and PMS. For test samples (SLNA) or the ascorbic acid standard, the mixture included Tris-HCl buffer, NBT, NADH, PMS, and the respective sample. Tris-HCl buffer alone was used as the blank (Chang, et al., 1996).

    Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay

    Different concentrations of Albizzia lebbeck and gallic acid (125, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL) were mixed with KH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.4 (0.05 M), "The reaction mixture contained deoxyribose (2.8 mM), EDTA (0.1 mM), H₂O₂ (1 mM), and FeCl₃ (0.1 mM). After incubation at room temperature for 30 min, thiobarbituric acid and trichloroacetic acid (2.8% w/v) were added. The mixture was then incubated in a water bath for 30 min, cooled, and the Optical Density (OD) was measured at 532 nm (Halliwell et al., 1987).

    Nitric oxide scavenging assay

    "1 mL of 10 mM sodium nitroprusside was mixed with 1 mL of the test or reference solution in Phosphate-Buffered saline (pH 7.4) at varying concentrations. The mixture was incubated at 25ºC for 150 min. Subsequently, 1 mL of the incubated solution was withdrawn and treated with 1 mL of Griess reagent, consisting of 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, 2% o-phosphoric acid, and 1% sulfanilamide in 1% sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture was then kept at room temperature for 10 min. After diazotization of nitrite with sulfanilamide and coupling with N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, the absorbance of the resulting chromophore was measured at 548 nm. The percentage inhibition was calculated by comparing the test samples with the control (Oyaizu, 1986).

    RESULTS

    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening

    Table 1 displays the findings of Albizzia lebbeck's phytochemical analysis. It illustrates how Albizzia lebbeck includes steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, proteins and amino acids, tannins, quinones, glycosides, fixed oils, resins, coumarins, and carbohydrates.

    Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of ALEN and ALMN.
    Sl. No.ConstituentsAL
    1Alkaloids+
    2Carbohydrates+
    3Glycosides+
    4Quinone+`
    5Terpenoids+
    6Tannins+
    7Flavonoids+
    8Protein and amino acid+
    9Phenols+

    LC-MS analysis: Albizzia lebbeck (L.) is abundantly rich in bioactive compounds, according to the LC-MS chromatogram spectra acquired for ALEN and ALMN. Figures 1 and 2 display a selection of the bioactive compounds exhibiting a range of pharmaceutical activities from the LC-MS spectrum for ALEN and ALMN, which displayed 30 and 65 peaks and indicated 35 and 65 compounds. These bioactive compounds' spectra were compared to the LC-MS software from the NIST library. Table 2 for ALEN and Table 3 for ALMN displayed the compound's retention time, nature, molecular weight, peak area, and molecular formula.

    Figure 1: LC-MS chromatogram of ALEN.
    Figure 2: LCMS chromatogram of ALMN.
    Table 2: Compounds detected for ALEN in LCMS analysis.
    Sl. No.Retention time (min)Name of the compoundMolecular formulaMolecular Ion (m/z [M-H]⁻)Nature of the compound
    10.497Mycosporine glutaminolC13H22N2O6303.1495Cyclohexenones
    20.548Lactobionic AcidC12H22O12381.1202Mono-and disaccharide fatty acyl glycosides
    30.548Salvinorin AC23H28O8455.1655Diterpene lactones
    40.649PoncirinC28H34O14595.2145Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
    52.619Methyl cinnamateC10H10O2163.0682Cinnamic acid esters
    62.9223-Trimethylsilylpropionic acidC6H14O2S147.0732Carboxylic acids
    73.073PoncirinC28H34O14595.2145Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
    83.326Chromen-9-yl)oxybutan-2-three-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-(7-oxofuro[3,2-g]C21H22O7773.2724Psoralens
    93.376AcetyloxyethylC19H28O13465.1578Terpene glycosides
    103.427HesperidinC28H34O15611.2091Flavonoid-7-O-glycosides
    113.477Thept-2-yl acetate [2.2.1] 1,7,7-trimethylbicycloC12H20O2197.1493Bicyclic monoterpenoids
    123.528Euphodendroidin NC40H46O13757.2837Jatrophane, cyclojatrophane diterpenoids
    133.629ReynosinC15H20O3249.1543Eudesmanolides, secoeudesmanolides, derivatives
    143.679Actephilol CC36H34O8595.2245Phenanthrols
    153.831methylbut-2-enoateC24H26O7449.1554Angular furanocoumarins
    163.831Satratoxin FC29H34O10565.2039Trichothecenes
    173.882MangostinC24H26O6433.16048-prenylated xanthones
    183.932Luteolin C-glucoside C-xylosideC26H28O15581.207Flavonoid 8-C-glycosides
    194.08414-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-14C25H40O5421.2947Kaurane diterpenoids
    204.185Aprepitant (MK-0869)C23H21F7N4O3535.1548Phenylmorpholines
    214.235AnthothecolC28H32O7519.1595Limonoids
    224.437LichexanthoneC16H14O5287.0902Xanthones
    234.5894-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)benzoic aciC12H14O3207.1028Hydroxybenzoicacid derivatives
    244.841DereplicatorIdentification - E'Surugamide_B'C47H79N9O8898.6036Oligopeptides
    254.8921-oxobutan-2-yl 1-methoxy-3-methylC60H95N3O191162.67Triterpene saponins
    265.094Caffeic acidC9H8O4181.1536Hydroxycinnamic acids
    275.195Notoginsenoside SC63H106O301365.677Triterpenoids
    285.2963,4'-dihydroxy-C25H35NO5468.2174Isoindolones
    295.346Naratriptan HClC17H26ClN3O2S336.17383-alkylindoles
    305.64914-(Hydroxymethyl)-5,9-dimethyltetracyclo-hexadecan-5-olC19H32O2275.2374Kaurane diterpenoids

    Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts

    DPPH radical-scavenging assay

    The main purpose of the DPPH assay is to lessen the capacity of various extracts and compounds that rely on the presence of hydrogen-donating stimulants. Table (2) and Figure (1) show the findings of the DPPH test, which gauges ALEN's ability to scavenge free radicals. Albizzia lebbeck (ALEN, ALMN) "The extract exhibited strong DPPH radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 52.81±0.17 μg/mL, compared to 3.07±0.04 μg/mL for ascorbic acid, which served as the reference standard. Although the IC₅₀ values of the extracts were higher than that of ascorbic acid, they still fell within an effective range. These findings suggest that both extracts possess the potential to inhibit free radical generation.

    Super oxide free radical scavenging assay

    Table (3) and Figure (2) demonstrate the free essential scavenging activity of ALEN and ALMN using the Superoxide anion anion thorough scavenging assay; nevertheless, Figure 3 demonstrates a substantial antioxidant activity in ALEN in comparison to those ALMN. Compared to ascorbic acid, which was employed as a reference and had an IC50 value of 60.51±0.13 μg/mL, ALEN and ALMN were shown to be potent scavengers of superoxide anion radicals, with an IC50 of 390.37±0.09 μg/mL.

    Figure 3: The in vitro Antioxidant Activity of ALEN and ALMN. Data are Mean±SEM (Each experiment has triplicate values); AA-Ascorbic acid.

    Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay

    The test for scavenging hydroxyl radicals in the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, which is used to show the free radical scavenging activity of ALEN, SLNA was found to be a powerful scavenger of hydroxyl radicals, in contrast to ascorbic acid, which was employed as a reference and had an IC50 of 65.57±0.21 μg/mL Table 1.

    DISCUSSION

    The goal of phytochemical screening is to find bioactive substances that may be useful in the synthesis of medicinal substances (Yang, et al., 2019). According to our current findings the ethanolic and methanolic whole-plant extracts were found to contain proteins and amino acids, alkaloids, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids/terpenoids, saponins, glycosides, quinones, fixed oils, resins, coumarins, and carbohydrates (Table 1). Madhavan et al., provide support for these findings (Madhavan, et al., 2013) who used phytochemical analysis to show that the alcoholic extract of Albizzia lebbeck leaves included flavonoids, phenols, sugars, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and phytosterols. The pharmacological actions of plants are caused by the combined effects of these phytochemicals (Uma et al., 2009), which are produced by several physiological processes. Plant extracts have a significant impact on preventing chronic illnesses like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases through a number of biological processes (Al-Owaisi, 2014). The most popular method for measuring the active ingredients found in plants used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries is LC-MS analysis (Uma, 2009). Different phytochemical constituents were identified by a number of peaks in the ethanolic and methanol whole plant extract of Albizzia lebbeck (Figures 1 and 2) (Tables 2 and 3). The main chemical constituents of Albizzia lebbeck crude extracts were found to contain phenols, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, alkaloids, coumarins, quinolones, naphthalenes, fatty acid derivatives, vitamin E, pyridine, phthalates, alkanes, esters, and organosilicon compounds. Several of these compounds are reported to possess multiple pharmacological activities, irrespective of their concentration. Notably, most of the identified compounds have been associated with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties" (Taher, 2020), Preethamo, 2020). According to research, the HYA assay is used to evaluate the antioxidants' capacity to reduce free radicals, while the DPPH and superoxide assays are used to evaluate the antioxidants' ability to quench free radicals (Brand-Williams, W., 1995 Re, R., et al., 1999; Benzie, 1996). We used the DPPH assay to test ALEN and ALMN's capacity to neutralize radicals, and we discovered that the DPPH radical had a concentration-dependent scavenging effect. The DPPH method measures the capacity of individual or combination antioxidant compounds to scavenge radicals. It is a simple, quick, affordable, and repeatable assay (Gulcin, et al.., 2023). The outcome is consistent with other Albizzia lebbeck species' scavenging DPPH assay results, indicating that ALEN has a potent antioxidant function. The DPPH radical assay is frequently used to determine a crude extract's overall antioxidant capacity (Dong, 2015; Dong, 2014). Generates potent and hazardous oxidants, including hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen. The reaction between the hydrogen peroxide radical and the superoxide anion radical produced strong reactive oxygen species, singlet oxygen, and OH radicals. Ascorbic acid, ALEN, and ALMN all showed a dose-dependent increase in their capacity to scavenge superoxide radicals, indicating that ALEN's Ascorbic acid-like scavenging action was observed. It can initiate auto-oxidation by generating double bond addition, electron transfer, radical production, hydrogen withdrawal, and other reactions. Polymerization, and fragmentation reactions in a variety of biomolecules (Senthilkumar, et al., 2024). The hydroxyl radical is a strong ROS that damages biological membrane lipids, alters the base and sugar in oxidative DNA lesions, breaks strands, and breaks DNA-protein bonds by targeting purines, pyrimidines, and deoxyribose sugar backbone in DNA, as well as the creation of different oxidation products by targeting several amino acids in proteins (tryptophan is transformed into kynurenine, while lysine produces leucine, valine, and α-aminoadipic semialdehyde (Martemucci, 2022). The findings showed that OH radicals are eliminated and additional harm is prevented when ALEN is exposed to the reactant. Therefore, scavenging hydroxyl radicals is essential for protecting living systems (Yang, 2008). In the assay for ferric ion reducing power (Shiddhuraju et al., 2002). A substance's reducing capacity is related to its likely antioxidant activity. The current study's findings showed that ascorbic acid, ALMN, and ALEN all improved their ferric reducing capacities in a dose-dependent manner. A substance's capacity to donate electrons is gauged by its reduction potential. (Moreno, 2002) Compared to ALMN, ALEN ought to be a more effective free radical scavenger.

    Table 3: Compounds detected for ALMN in LCMS analysis.
    Sl. No.Retention time (min)Name of the compoundMolecular formulaMolecular Ion (m/z [M-H]⁻)Nature of the compound
    15.902tsas#9C23H33NO9468.2218Sugar acids and derivatives
    26.054Androst-5-ene-3,17-diolC19H30O2291.2317Androgens and derivatives
    36.256FA 18:3+1OC18H30O3277.2206Medium-chain fatty acids
    46.712-heptadecanoneC17H34O277.2512Ketones
    56.8111,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl-7-[2,6-dimethyl-8-(2-methylbutanoyloxy)]Acid -3,5-dihydroxyheptanoicC24H38O6445.2558Medium-chainhydroxy acids and derivatives
    67.215Androst-5-ene-3,17-diolC19H30O2291.2317Androgens and derivatives
    77.2664-[(E)-3-hydroxy-8,10-dimethyl-2-(methylamino)dodec-6-enyl]phenolC21H35NO2351.2939Amphetaminesand derivatives
    87.518BaquiloprimC17H20N6309.1836Aminoquinolinesderivatives
    97.619(5R)-5-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)decan-3-one NCGC00169702-02!C17H26O4277.1762Gingerols
    107.672-heptadecanoneC17H34O277.2512Ketones
    118.276DOCOSANOLC22H46O365.3135Fatty alcohols
    128.428MelamineC3H6N6149.05051,3,5-triazines
    138.8321-OleoylglycerophosphocholineC26H53NO7P522.40561-acyl-sn-glycero-3-
    148.933AndrosteroneC19H30O2291.2387Androgens and derivatives
    159.034icosanoic acidC20H40O2313.3106Long-chain fatty acids
    169.2865-en-3-yl[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]carbamate 3-beta-Cholest-5-enC32H56N2O2501.4342Cholesterols and derivatives
    179.488Trihydroxytetrahydro 3,4,5-2-carboxylic acid-2H-pyranC30H48O11607.3091Steroidglucuronide conjugates
    189.5391-heptadecanolC17H36O279.2723Long-chain fatty alcohols
    199.589DehydroevodiamineC19H17N3O326.3475Beta carbolines
    209.64GestodeneC21H26O2311.2022Estrogens and derivatives
    219.741Ala-AlaC6H12N2O3161.088Dipeptides
    229.943DihydrobacillaeneC34H50N2O6583.3751Medium-chain fatty acids
    2310.044pachymic acidC33H52O5529.3894Triterpenoids
    2410.044DauricineC38H44N2O6625.3257Benzylisoquinolines
    2510.145Trimethyl-2-methylidene 6-hydroxy-5,5,8a-trimethylC29H46O11609.2676Diterpene glycosides
    2610.14511,22-trihydroxy1,6,11,16,22,27-hexazacyclodotriacontane-2,5,12,15,23,26-hexoneC26H46N6O9609.3231Macrolactams
    2710.4482-O-rhamnosyl-swertisinC28H32O14593.1691Flavonoid C-glycosides
    2810.499PhloridzinC21H24O10437.3963Flavonoid O-glycosides
    2910.54917(21)-Hopen-6-oneC30H48O425.3836Hopanoids
    3011.155(1, 3beta, 9xi, 11alpha, and 14xi)5,20(22),25-trien-27-ylbeta-D-glucopyranoside-1,3,11-trihydroxyfurostaC33H50O10607.3494Steroidal saponins
    3111.3074-dihydroxy-4-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxyC26H30O13551.1813Flavonoid O-glycosides
    3211.862Neohesperidin dihydrochalconeC28H36O15613.5388Flavonoid O-glycosides
    3315.90525S, 9xi, 14xi, 5beta, and 3betaGlucopyranoside beta-D-spirostan-3-yl (1->4) O-6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosylBeta-D-glucopyranosyl OxygenC45H74O17887.5028Steroidal saponins
    3417.0166-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triolC45H74O16871.5034Steroidal saponins
    3517.016TAG(50:1)C53H100O6871.7088Triacylglycerols

    CONCLUSION

    Several active components were identified by phytochemical and LCMS analysis of the ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Albizzia lebbeck in the current study. They were found to possess antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer qualities, indicating the plant's enormous therapeutic potential. Additionally, their strong radical scavenging properties were investigated by the outcomes of in vitro antioxidant tests. The plant's potential for use in drug discovery will be investigated through additional in vivo experiments and other antioxidant mechanisms.

    REFERENCES

    As published

    Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

    1. 1.Al-Owaisi, M.; Al-Hadiwi, N.; Khan, S. A.. GC-MS analysis, determination of total phenolics, flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activities of various crude extracts of Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori leaves. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2014;4(12):964–970. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.201414B295DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    2. 2.Apak, R.. Electron transfer-based antioxidant capacity assays and the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assay. Measurement of antioxidant activity and capacity: Recent trends and applications. John Wiley & Sons, Limited.. 2018;57–75. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135388.ch4DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    3. 3.Benzie, I. F.; Strain, J. J.. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: The FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry. 1996;239(1):70–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    4. 4.Brand-Williams, W.; Cuvelier, M. E.; Berset, C.. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 1995;28(1):25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    5. 5.Brewbaker, J. L.. Tree breeding practices. In Encyclopedia of forest sciences. Elsevier.. 2004;1490–1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-12-145160-7/00083-1DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    6. 6.Chang, W. S.; Lin, C. C.; Chuang, S. C.; Chiang, H. C.. Superoxide anion scavenging effect of coumarins. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1996;24(1):11–17. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X96000037DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    7. 7.Chu, A.; Wadhwa, R.. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. StatPearls [Internet]. In StatPearls Publishing.. 2024.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    8. 8.Dobrek, L.; Głowacka, K.. Depression and its phytopharmacotherapy-A narrative review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023;24(5):Article 4772. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054772DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    9. 9.Dong, J. W.; Cai, L.; Zhu, X. F.; Huang, X.; Yin, T. P.; Fang, H. X. et al. Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of cornhusk, corncob and Stigma maydis. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. 2014;25:1956–1964. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20140177DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    10. 10.Dong, J.-W.; Cai, L.; Xiong, J.; Chen, X.-H.; Wang, W.-Y.; Shen, N. et al. Improving the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of fermented Bletilla striata with Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium oxysporum. Process Biochemistry. 2015;50(1):8–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2014.09.008DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    11. 11.Gulcin, İ.; Alwasel, S. H.. DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes. 2023;11(8):2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    12. 12.Halliwell, B.; Gutteridge, J. M.; Aruoma, O. I.. The deoxyribose method: A simple “test-tube” assay for determination of rate constants for reactions of hydroxyl radicals. Analytical Biochemistry. 1987;165(1):215–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(87DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    13. 13.Heidari, M.; Khodadadi Jokar, Y.; Madani, S.; Shahi, S.; Shahi, M. S.; Goli, M.. Influence of food type on human psychological-behavioral responses and crime reduction. Nutrients. 2023;15(17):Article 3715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173715DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    14. 14.Keller, J.. Limiting step therapy on mental health medications: Why a more expansive approach is needed. Seton Hall Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. 2025;49(2):481–522. https://doi.org/10.60095/KRHQ9878DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    15. 15.Kulwicka, K.; Gasiorowska, A.. Beliefs about depression. Handbook of the behavior and psychology of disease. Springer International Publishing.. 2024;1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32046-0_121-1DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    16. 16.Lavretsky, H.. Complementary and alternative medicine use for treatment and prevention of late-life mood and cognitive disorders. Aging Health. 2009;5(1):61–78. https://doi.org/10.2217/1745509X.5.1.61DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    17. 17.Madhavan, V.; Yoganarasimhan, S.; Gurudeva, M.; John, C. R.; Deveswaran, R.. Pharmacognostical studies on the leaves of Albizzia lebbeck Linn. Spatula DD. Spatula DD-Peer Reviewed Journal on Complementary Medicine and Drug Discovery. 2013;3(3):89–98. https://doi.org/10.5455/spatula.20130810095505DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    18. 18.Mandal, P.; Misra, T. K.; Ghosal, M.. Free-radical scavenging activity and phytochemical analysis in the leaf and stem of Drymaria diandra Blume. International Journal of Integrative Biology. 2009;7(2):80. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135388DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    19. 19.Martemucci, G.; Costagliola, C.; Mariano, M.; D’Andrea, L.; Napolitano, P.; D’Alessandro, A. G.. Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen. 2022;2(2):48–78. https://doi.org/10.3390/oxygen2020006DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    20. 20.Nehme, C.. The effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating major depression. The Scholarship Without Borders Journal. 2024;3(1):6. https://doi.org/10.57229/2834-2267.1061DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    21. 21.Nichols, D. E.; Nichols, C. D.. The pharmacology of psychedelics. In Handbook ofmedicalhallucinogens. Springer.. 2021;328.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    22. 22.Oyaizu, M.. Studies on products of browning reaction: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 1986;44(6):307–315. https://doi.org/10.5264/eiyogakuzashi.44.307DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    23. 23.Preethamo, S. N.; Thoppil, J. E.. Phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of Ophiorrhiza pectinate. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2020;82(4):712–718. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.699DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    24. 24.Rajora, O. P.; Parveen, A. B.; Dasgupta, M. G.. Provenance variation in seed and fruit pod traits of multipurpose wonder forest tree Siris (Albizzia lebbek) in northern India and relationships with bioclimatic factors. Preprints. 2024. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0146DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    25. 25.Re, R.; Pellegrini, N.; Proteggente, A.; Pannala, A.; Yang, M.; Rice-Evans, C.. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 1999;26(9–10):1231–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    26. 26.Sanchez-Moreno, C.. Review: Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems. Food Science and Technology International. 2002;8(3):121–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1082013202008003770DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    27. 27.Senthilkumar, D. S.; Rani, D. C. K.. Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract of Acalypha indica Linn. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Life Science. 2024;5(2):8–12. https://doi.org/10.33545/27072827.2024.v5.i2a.120DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    28. 28.Shaikh, J. R.; Patil, M.. Qualitative tests for preliminary phytochemical screening: An overview. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 2020;8(2):603–608. https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i2i.8834DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    29. 29.Shiddhuraju, P.; Mohan, P. S.; Becker, K.. Studies on antioxidant activity of Indian Laburnum (Cássia fistula L.): A preliminary assessment of crude extracts from stem bark, leaves, flower and fruit pulp. Food Chemistry. 2002;79:61–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    30. 30.Taher, M.; Shaari, S. S.; Susanti, D.; Arbain, D.; Zakaria, Z. A.. Genus Ophiorrhiza: A review of its distribution, traditional uses, phytochemistry, biological activities and propagation. Molecules. 2020;25(11):Article 2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112611DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    31. 31.Uma, B.; Prabhakar, K.; Rajendran, S.; Lakshmi, S. Y.. Studies on GC/MS spectroscopic analysis of some bioactive antimicrobial compounds from Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2009;8(31):125–131.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    32. 32.Verma, S. C.; Vashishth, E.; Singh, R.; Kumari, A.; Meena, A. K.; Pant, P. et al. A review on parts of Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. used as Ayurvedic drugs. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2013;6(11):1307–1313.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    33. 33.Yang, J. X.; Guo, J.; Yuan, J. F.. In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 2008;41(6):1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.010DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    34. 34.Yang, X.; Liang, Q.; Chen, Y.; Wang, B.. Alteration of methanogenic archaeon by ethanol contribute to the enhancement of biogenic methane production of lignite. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019;10:Article 2323. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02323DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    35. 35.Zulfiqar, S.; Khan, J.; Bibi, A.; Ali, M.; Samuel, S.; Habib, S. et al. The relationship between social media addiction and depression in students of a private college in Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences. 2024;5(3):2–6. https://doi.org/10.54393/pjhs.v5i03.1322DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR

    Cite this article

    SELECT FORMAT

    Kavitha, S. K., Shubha, M. R., Yogesh, H. S., Bharathi, D. R., & Ali, M. (2026). LCMS-Based Phytochemical Screening of Albizzia lebbeck. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(2), 538–547. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260099