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    Medicated Kajal Ophthalmic Nanoparticulated Drug Delivery System

    Kavita Nilesh Yadav1★, Prasad Vijay Kadam1, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje1, Prachi Ashokrao Halburge1, Yogesh Bapurao Kharat1, Gautam Adinath Bade1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Kavita Nilesh Yadav

    Dr. Mrs. Kavita Nilesh Yadav Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune-411033, Maharashtra, INDIA.

    kavita.yadav@mmcop.edu.in

    Received: 02-12-2025; Revised: 13-01-2026; Accepted: 26-02-2026.

    Volume 18, Issue 2 · pp. 585–591 · PUBLISHED Apr-Jun 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260122

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background Kajal has been used for ages as a cosmetic and to cure eye conditions in India. In order to improve therapeutic efficacy and ocular safety, we create a herbal medicated kajal with optimal extraction, formulation, and evaluation. Novel herbal medicated kajal and in situ gel formulation were developed using natural ingredients, with Areca catechu extract as the key active component. Important herbal components such Ghee, Bhimseni Camphor, Dry Coconut, Nutmeg, and Areca catechu nut were used in formulation. Objectives This current study shows the development of formulations, evaluation and determination of drug content in formulation. Materials and Methods Ethanolic extraction of dried Areca catechu by using cold maceration method was followed by formulation development. Carbon filaments prepared by using Ghee, Bhimseni Camphor, Dry Coconut, Nutmeg were collected, evaluated and used for preparation of kajal and in situ gel with Areca catechu. Developed kajal and in situ gels formulations were evaluated as per official guidelines. Results Collected carbon filaments were evaluated with different parameters. Prepared carbon show satisfactory flow properties and compatibility. Two formulations were developed with these carbon filaments. All QA/QC parameters of kajals and gels were performed as per official methods. Spectrophotometric analysis confirmed uniform drug content with high linearity (R²=0.998) across the tested range. Conclusion The kajal and in situ gel prepared with ghee and Areca catechu was found to be better in quality as compared to other formulations prepared with other herbal materials. Hence it can conclude that nanoparticulated ophthalmic formulation prepared from untapped drug were found to be stable and standardized.

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    FULL TEXT

    INTRODUCTION

    Kajal, traditionally known as Surma or Anjanum, has held a prominent place in Indian cultural and medicinal practices for centuries. Its significance is deeply rooted in classical Ayurvedic texts such as the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, where it was valued not only for its cosmetic appeal but also for its therapeutic benefits. Kajal was commonly used to treat various eye disorders, including Abhishyand (conjunctivitis), Adhimanth (glaucoma), and Timir (cataract). Its application was believed to protect the eyes from infections and environmental irritants like dust and smoke. Beyond its medicinal role, kajal also carried spiritual importance it was often applied as a safeguard against negative energies and the "evil eye," especially in infants and during auspicious occasions (Khakre et al., 2024).

    Medicated kajal is traditionally applied to nourish eyes that are stressed, raw, or mildly injured. It provides a cooling effect that soothes discomfort and supports overall eye wellness. The formulation also acts as an anti-inflammatory agent and is used to manage symptoms such as eye redness and itching, reflecting its gentle therapeutic role in traditional eye care practices (Varpe et al., 2022).

    Areca catechu Linn., commonly referred to as betel nut, is a slender palm belonging to the Arecaceae family. It is widely cultivated across South-East Asia and various regions of India, particularly along the coastal belts from Maharashtra to Kerala and Tamil Nadu, as well as in the Deccan plateau, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, thriving in moist tropical climates. The areca nut refers to the deep reddish kernel of the fruit and is traditionally recognized for its therapeutic roles, including use as a chewing stimulant, a remedy for intestinal parasites, an aphrodisiac, and in regulating blood pressure (Bhandare et al., 2010).

    Bhimsen camphor is a naturally occurring crystalline substance derived from organic sources. Renowned for its purity, it is widely used in both medicinal applications and spiritual rituals. This form of camphor is recognized by various regional names, including pacha camphor and desi Kapoor. It is extracted through the distillation of bark and wood from the Cinnamomum camphora tree, a species native to East Asia-particularly China, Taiwan, Japan, and Vietnam. Over time, cultivation of these camphor trees has expanded to other regions with tropical and subtropical climates, such as India, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, South Africa, and the United States. For centuries, Bhimsen camphor has been valued across cultures for its therapeutic properties. Traditionally used to alleviate a wide range of ailments, including inflammation, infections, respiratory congestion, pain, and skin irritation, it remains a trusted natural remedy. Its versatility lies in its ability to be absorbed through the skin, as well as administered via inhalation or oral ingestion, making it effective in multiple forms of treatment (Pawar and Sarvadnya, 2023).

    Myristica fragrans, commonly known as nutmeg or mace, is an aromatic evergreen tree from the Myristicaceae family. It bears yellow, fleshy fruits resembling apricots and is native to regions like India, Southeast Asia, Northern Australia, and the Pacific Islands. The main components of Myristica fragrans include alkyl benzene compounds like myristicin, elemicin, and safrole, along with terpenes, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, myristic acid, and trimyristin. Myristicin is a natural flavouring substance and is known to have strong effects on the nervous system. Mace contains 8-17% volatile oil, as well as fixed oil, resin, fat, sugar, dextrin, and mucilage. Nutmeg exhibits a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, aphrodisiac, anti-diabetic, and memory-enhancing effects (Verma et al., 2023).

    Benefits of Applying Kajal

    While applying Kajal, the eyelids of the eyeballs get a massage which increases the blood circulation of eyes and hence, improve eye sight.

    • It protects eyes from sharp rays of sun,
    • It moisturizes the eye,
    • It helps to make the little red vessels in the eyes disappear so that they remain white,
    • Kajal helps to remove dirt and dust, and relives watering and burning of eyes due to strain,
    • Kajal has refreshing, Astringent and Disinfectant properties (Varpe et al., 2022).

    Nanotechnology has opened a window for the development of diverse organic and inorganic drug carriers, known as nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are generally <1000 nm. They have an ultra-small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition; in addition, they are able to adsorb or conjugate with a wide variety of therapeutic molecules (Lamberti et al., 2015).

    Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products with biologically active ingredients purporting to have medicinal or drug like property, Nowadays Cosmeceuticals are the fastest developing part of natural personal care industry, extensive use of chemically derived cosmetic products harm the skin permanently. This awareness increases the demand of Ayurveda or organic herbal cosmetics which itself have drug like effect (Mishra and Mishra, 2016).

    Nanoparticles provide great advantages for CNS and ocular drug delivery by favorably altering the Pharmacokinetics while at the same time maintaining the therapeutic effects of the substance. The mechanism and transport efficiency of nanoparticles across the barriers are dependent on the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles, such as particle size, charge, surface ligands, and hydrophobicity. Safety of the nanoparticles, including the biocompatibility and the biodegradability, is also crucial in designing the delivery vectors. This section will highlight the desired physicochemical properties of nanoparticles for effective CNS and ocular delivery (Zhang et al., 2016).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Preparation of Ethanolic Extract of Areca catechu

    1000 g of dried Areca catechu was extracted with 50 mL of Ethanol by cold maceration technique keeping it at room temperature till solvent coming from it become Colourless. Then filter the extract using whatman filter paper. Make the extract solvent free by using rotary vacuum evaporator keeping temperature in the range of 30-40ºC. A dark Brown residue obtained having characteristic odour. Further remaining solvent is evaporated to dryness by using vacuum oven (Asrianto et al., 2022; Ansari et al., 2021; Ramya et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2014).

    Collection of carbon filament from Ghee

    Carbon filaments were prepared from Ghee, Bhimseni Camphor, Dry Coconut, Nutmeg collected from market which consists of four steps given in Figure 1.

    Figure 1: Traditional Carbon Filaments Collection.

    This procedure was used for collecting carbon filament ffrom Bhimseni Camphor, Dry Coconut, Nutmeg. In first step Bhimseni Camphor, Dry Coconut, Nutmeg were directly burned (Jaiswal et al., 2024; Shukla et al., 2022; Liu and Ma., 2021; Adeyemi and Onianwa., 2017; Wang et al., 2022).

    Analysis of Carbon Filament

    Determination of Physical Constant of Carbon Filaments

    Solubility: Solubility of carbon filaments was performed as per official method (Sumit et al., 2023; Umpa and Suwanmala., 2018; Neto et al., 2023; Li et al., 2021).

    Bulk Density, Tapped density and Angle of repose

    Bulk Density is a characteristic of a powder rather than individual particles. An accurately weighed quantity of carbon filaments was transferred into 50 mL measuring cylinder with the aid of the funnel. The unsettled apparent volume, to the nearest graduated unit occupied by the carbon filaments was measured. After 50 tapings of the same quantity of powder, the taped density was determined. Angle of repose of collected carbon filaments was determined by the funnel method. The carbon filaments were allowed to flow through the funnel freely onto surface. The diameter of the powder cone was measured and angle of repose was calculated (Shah et al.,2018; Ramachandran et al., 2020; Sumit et al., 2023; Li et al., 2021).

    Prepration of Kajal

    The kajal were prepared indiviusally of all the collected black soot. In 500 mg of carbon filament were taken, 5 mg Areca catechu extarct was added individually. The prepared powder was mixed with cow ghee and traturate well to form kajal, See Table 1 and Figure 2 (Sharma et al., 2022; Gupta et al., 2024; Patel et al., 2025; Kashyap et al., 2021).

    Figure 2: Kajal prepared with Ghee, Dried coconut, Nutmeg and Bhimseni Camphor.
    Table 1: Formula for Areca catechu Kajal.
    Sl. No.IngredientsQuantity Taken
    1Carbon Filament500 mg
    2Areca catechu Extract5 mg
    3Cow gheeq.s.

    Analysis of Kajal

    The prepared Kajals were tested for spredability, smoothness and non stickiness.

    Determination of % Drug Content

    In 10 mg of kajal 6 mL of methanol was added and the solution was sonicated. Solution was heated for 2 min and filter with unhydrous sodium sulphate. Further washing was given with 6 mL methanol, fiter it and evaporate the filtrate. In dry mass add ethyl acetate to make up the volume upto 3 mL (Kajal Breaking Solution).

    Spectroscopic Evaluation of Kajal Breaking Solution

    0.1 mL of Kajal Breaking solution individually dissolved in 10 mL of Ethyl Acetate and this solution was scanned between 200-600 nm in a double beam UV Spectro Photometer [Shimadzu 1800] (Gujar et al., 2024; Chaudhari et al., 2024; Sonawane et al., 2025; Alamu et al., 2020).

    Prepartion of in situ Gel

    The polymeric solution was prepared by dispersing required quantity of sodium alginate as main polymer and HPMC - E50LV, HPMC - K4M as co- polymer in disttiled water using magnetic stirrer until the polymers completely dissolved. Mix the carbon filaments and Betal Nut dry extract well. To this polymeric solution was added with continous strring until the drug completely dissolved in polymeric solution. The pH of solution was adjust to 6.5 using 0.1NaOH, See Table 2 (Mandal et al., 2003; Malathi et al., 2024; Rahaman et al., 2024).

    Table 2: Formula for Ophthalmic in situ Gel.
    Sl. No.IngredientsQuantity Taken
    1Betal Nut Extract5 mg
    2Carbon filaments5 mg
    3Sodium alginate0.25 g
    4HPMC - E50LV0.75 g
    5HPMC - K 4M0.25 g
    6Distilled waterUpto 50 mL

    Analysis of in situ Gel

    The prepared in situ gel solution was tested for Spredability and pH.

    Rehological Studies

    The viscosity mesurment of in situ gel were carried out using Brookfield Viscometer. The formulation were placed in the sample tube. The sample were analysed by circulating batch connected to the viscometer adaptor prior to each mesurment. The angular velocity of the spindle was increased 1to 4 and the velocity of the formulation was mesured (Kumar et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2025; Shastri et al., 2023).

    Determination of Drug Content

    Determination of λmax of Kajal

    0.1 mL Kajal breaking solution was dissolved in 10mL Ethyl Acetate individually. This solution was scanned between 200 nm to 400 nm in a double beam UV spectrophotometer [Shimadzu 1800].

    Determination of λmax of in situ Gel

    1 mL of gel dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water and filter with wathmen filter paper. Then 0.1 mL filtrate solution was dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water. This solution was scanned between 200 nm to 400 nm in a double beam UV spectrophotometer [Shimadzu 1800] (Jain et al., 2023; Raut et al., 2022; Dias et al., 2023).

    RESULTS

    Methanolic extract of Areca catechu was found to powdery, brown in color and having characteristic odor.

    Determination of Physical Constant of Carbon Filaments

    The prepared carbon filaments were found to be smooth and satisfactory. The Table 3 provides a summary of the solubility findings.

    Table 3: Solubility of carbon filaments
    Sl. No.SolventSolubility
    1Distilled waterPoorly soluble
    2EthanolSoluble
    3MethanolSoluble
    4DCMPoorly soluble
    5N- HexaneSoluble

    Flow property of carbon filaments

    The prepared carbon filaments shows good flow property, which was evaluated by determining bulk densities in a range of 0.9 to 0.98 g/cm3, tapped density in a range of 0.94 to 0.96 g/cm3 Good flowability was shown by the carbon filaments average angle of repose, which was found to be 30º. The results of findings were summarized in Table 4.

    Table 4: Flow Properties of Carbon Filaments
    Sl. No.ParametersGheeCamphorCoconutNutmeg
    1Angle of repose (0)31283130
    2Bulk Density (g/cm3)0.950.980.980.9
    3Tapped Density (g/cm3)0.960.950.950.94

    Evaluation of Kajal

    Appearance: All prepared Kajal was observed smooth and shiny in Appearance.

    Evaluation of ophthalmic In situ Gel

    The prepared ophthalmic In situ gels with the help of polymer and co-polymers were clear and found to be good in quality. pH plays an important role in therapeutic activity, solubility, stability and comfort to the patient. pH of all In situ Gels are within limit. The size of drop and its residences in eyes depends on the viscosity of formulation. In order to prolong the contact time of the drug in the eye, various thickening agents are added in the ophthalmic preparation. The average viscosity was found to be 28.8 Pa·s. The spreadaibility testing of kajal involves measuring the time it takes for a specific amount of kajal to spread to a certain thickness under a defined weight. This test assesses the ease with which the kajal can spread evenly. The spreadability test demonstrated that the kajal could be applied smoothly and evenly, essential for consumer satisfaction, ensuring uniform delivery of active ingredients. The spreadability test is crucial for evaluating the texture and consistency of the kajal, ensuring it can be applied smoothly and uniformly. The results of findings were summarize in Table 5.

    Table 5: Evaluation of In situ Gel
    Sl. No.FormulationspHViscositySpreadability
    1Betal Nut+Ghee Gel6.428Good
    2Betal Nut+Camphor Gel6.530.3Good
    3Betal Nut+Coconut Gel6.528.6Good
    4Betal Nut+Nutmeg Gel6.528.2Good

    Determination of Drug Content

    For quantification purpose the Areca catechu extract used in formulation was standardized by UV visible Spectroscopy with analytical markers, Ellagic acid and Gallic acid. The results was summarise in Table 6.

    Table 6: Standardization of Extract by Analytical Marker
    Sl. No.ExtractsMarker% AssayRSD
    1Betal NutEllagic acid0.120.11
    Gallic acid0.160.04

    By UV visible Spectrophotometry

    Standardization of Extract using Analytical Marker.

    of Formulations Using Analytical Markers

    Standardized extract was used in formulations and prepared formations were standardized with analytical markers. The percent drug content for kajal and In situ gel was determined and result was mentioned in Table 7.

    Table 7: Formulation Standardisation
    Sl. No.Crude drugMarkerKajalIn situ gel
    % AssayRSD% AssayRSD
    1GheeEllagic acid16.010.1210.580.23
    Gallic acid10.010.4810.720.34
    2CamphorEllagic acid6.870.113.120.17
    Gallic acid4.830.2210.010.22
    3CoconutEllagic acid5.040.58.470.11
    Gallic acid7.090.210.240.16
    4NutmegEllagic acid7.110.197.310.2
    Gallic acid9.180.267.640.27

    DISCUSSION

    Medications Kajal was considered a revolutionary cosmeceutical formulation for combating eye infections and enzymes, as kajal is highly effective in skin makeup. In the current study, the goal was to develop a modern formulation of preliminary Ayurvedic kajal, known as soot or lamp black, using herbs, with consistent identity and physical evaluation. For this work, Areca catechu was extracted using a simple maceration method with ethanol as a solvent. The ethanolic extract of Areca catechu was dark brown and had a characteristic odor. Various raw materials such as cow ghee, Bhimseni camphor, coconut, and nutmeg were chosen to prepare carbon filaments. To characterize the carbon filaments tests including solubility and powder flow properties like angle of repose, bulk density and tap density were conducted and found satisfactory. Kajal was prepared using the collected carbon filaments and Areca catechu extract, with each raw material contributing beneficial properties to the formulation. After preparation, the kajals were evaluated using various parameters. Additionally, an in situ gel formulation was created by incorporating Areca catechu extract and carbon filaments, where the carbon filaments acted as carbon nanotubes providing a coating that controls drug release. All quality assurance and quality control tests for the gels were performed according to official methods and gives satisfactory results. Drug content was determined using UV-visible spectroscopy. Among the formulations, the kajal made with ghee and Areca catechu showed superior quality compared to those prepared with other herbal materials. The extract was standardized using analytical markers such as gallic acid and ellagic acid, and the formulations were standardized accordingly. The development of a medicated herbal kajal using Areca catechu nut extract demonstrated promising outcomes, supporting its potential as a cosmetic product with added therapeutic benefits. This study contributes to the expanding field of herbal cosmetics, emphasizing the value of combining traditional knowledge with modern scientific methods to create innovative and effective products.

    CONCLUSION

    This study aimed to create a medicinal herbal kajal utilizing Areca catechu nut extract as a primary component, focused on generating a safe and efficient cosmetic product. The formulation method utilized conventional and scientifically proven techniques to blend Areca catechu nut extract with various advantageous herbal components. In the current study, different raw materials like Cow ghee, Camphor, Coconut, and Nutmeg were utilized as sources of Carbon. These raw materials possess unique therapeutic properties beneficial for formulation, and the gathered carbon filaments from these sources function as Carbon Nanotubes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the nanoparticulated ophthalmic formulation made from an unexploited drug was determined to be stable and consistent. It can be demonstrated that this is a significant advancement in the realm of herbal nanoparticulated drug delivery and in setting the regulatory benchmarks for herbal products.

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    Yadav, K. N., Kadam, P. V., Karanje, A. S., Halburge, P. A., Kharat, Y. B., & Bade, G. A. (2026). Medicated Kajal Ophthalmic Nanoparticulated Drug Delivery System. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(2), 585–591. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260122