Phcog.Net logo
Submit

BROWSE ALL JOURNALS

    SEE ALL 6 JOURNALS
    Pharmacognosy ResearchNOW IN
    Article

    Structural Elucidation of Bioactive Constituents Isolated from Areca catechu L.

    Kavita Nilesh Yadav1★, Prasad Vijay Kadam1, Abhijit Sampatrao Karanje1, Prachi Ashokrao Halburge1, Yogesh Bapurao Kharat1, Gautam Adinath Bade1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune, Maharashtra, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Kavita Nilesh Yadav

    Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune-411033, Maharashtra, INDIA.

    kavita.yadav@mmcop.edu.in

    Received: 11-02-2026; Revised: 20-03-2026; Accepted: 06-04-2026.

    Volume 18, Issue 3 · pp. 741–749 · PUBLISHED Jul-Sep 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260095

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background Areca catechu is a significant tropical palm, primarily cultivated for its nut, which holds traditional, medicinal, and socio-cultural importance across Asia. Objectives This current study show the isolation and structural elucidation of bioactive constituents from plant species Areca catechu L. (betel palm) nuts belonging to the family of Arecaceae. Materials and Methods Unripe fruits of Areca catechu were authenticated and evaluated for macro-morphological, microscopic, physicochemical, and phytochemical characteristics as per WHO standards guidelines. Preliminary screening confirmed that presence of secondary metabolites as tannins, phenols, steroids alkaloids and flavonoids. Ethanolic extraction of dried Areca catechu by using cold maceration method was followed by solvent fractionation (n-hexane, toluene, 1,2-dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate). TLC profiling guided the column chromatographic separation using toluene: methanol: glacial acetic acid (15:7.5:2.5), elucidated yielding three isolates (B-3, B-4, B-7). Results Spectroscopic analyses give UV maximum absorption at wavelength 254-273 nm (B-3, B-4) and 260 nm (B-7). FTIR spectroscopy identified different functional groups as hydroxyl, carbonyl, amino, aromatic, and alkyl groups. The nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) showing aromatic and alkyl proton signals. Mass spectrometry provided molecular ion peaks and fragmentation patterns, facilitating probable structure proposals. Conclusion These results establish a detailed phytochemical and structural profile of Areca catechu constituents, supporting its traditional uses and laying the groundwork for further pharmacological and therapeutic investigations.

    KEYWORDS

    0% READ

    FULL TEXT

    INTRODUCTION

    Plant secondary metabolites are compounds of medicinal utility. Natural products were studied for secondary metabolites, its isolation in pure form along with investigation of their structure, formation, use, and purpose in the organism. Plants produced a variety of secondary metabolites to protect themselves from infections and predators and to aid in reproduction by acting as intraspecific and interspecific attractants. They might also operate as toxins to provide competitor species a competitive edge. Natural products are classified as acetogenins as well as propanogenins, terpenoids, derivatives of aminoacids, and aromatic compounds.

    They protect the plant against herbivores and are attractants. Phenolic compounds like Tannins, lignans, flavonoids serve as defences against herbivores and pathogens. Plant cell wall gets strengthen because of presence of lignin. Flavonoid pigments are important attractants for pollinators and seed dispersers. Alleopathic activity of some phenols may adversely influence the growth of neighbouring plants. Adaptogenic nature of plants developed defences against herbivory and microbial attack and produced other natural products to foster competitiveness. The capacity to make and safely store such ecologically beneficial metabolites has become broadly established throughout the plant as a result of the more progeny produced by the more competitive, better-defended plants. The natural product study led to the detection of a variety of valuable drugs for the treatment of various diseases and contributed to the development of separation science and technology, spectroscopic methods of structure elucidation and synthetic methodologies that now make up the basics of analytical organic chemistry (Rizvi and Saleh, 2017).

    Areca catechu L. [betel palm] is one of the valuable plant used from ancient time. This plant is known for its fruits which are obtained from medium sized palm tree. In low altitude this plant having a life span of 60-100 years. The Pacific islands found two different varieties red (ugam) and white (changnga) are available in the Pacific Islands. The white variety is collected immature and soft while the red variety is preferred fully mature and hard. Betel nuts are often sold in village stores and munched by combining it with betel vine leaf (Piper betle), tobacco, lime, or other ingredients (Staples and Bevacqua, 2006). Different others Common Names: Angiro, Adakka, Areca nut palm, Adike, Areca, Areca-nut, Areca palm, Betel palm, Arequier, Arec cachou, Betelnuss palme, Buei, Bu, Bua, Indian palm, Jambe, Kamuhu, Pan, Pinang palm, Poc, Pu, Puak, Puga, Pugua, Puwak, Supari, Vua Buai, Bunga (Rashid et al., 2015; Ahuja and Ahuja, 2011; Lim, 2011).

    Synonyms: Areca cathecu, Areca faufel, Areca hortensis, Areca himalayana, Areca nigra.

    Family Name: Arecaceae.

    Plant Appearance.

    Distinctive feature

    Betel nuts are identified by their red-orange ripe fruits and slender, single-stemmed trunk with leaf scars. The Manila palm (Veitchia merrillii), which has dense clusters of vivid red fruits, is frequently mistaken for it.

    Leaves are narrow, oval-shape lanceolate, Even-pinnate, compound leaves and spirally arranged at the top of the stem (Ansari et al., 2011; Keys, 2011).

    Flowers are triangular, cone, 0.5-0.8 in. long, creamy white. Flowers are located in every terminal branch beneath the leaves. Each terminal branch is made up of both female and male flowers. The female flowers, which are larger, are situated at the tip of the base, while the smaller male flowers grow on the lower section up to the branch tip. Plant begins to flower after 4-6 years, year-round.

    Drupe types fruits having size of 2-4 x 1.2-2 in., green and turns yellow to orange or red when ripe. One seeded edible fruits.

    Betal nut is unripe and ripe fruit obtain from the species of Areca catechu L. [betel palm], from the Arecaceae family (George et al., 2006).

    Chemical constituent

    Arecoline, Arecaidine, Guvacine and Guvacoline. Seed contains 50-60% sugars, 15% lipid [glyceride of lauric, myristic and oleic acid] 15% condensed tannins polyphenolic and alkaloids as arecoline, arecaidine, guvacine and guvacoline (Wang et al., 2010; Hong et al., 2015; Pathak and Mathur, 1954; Rathod et al., 2015).

    Taxonomical Classification

    • Kingdom: Plantae [Plants].
    • Subkingdom: Tracheobionta [Vascular plants].
    • Order: Arecales.
    • Class: Liliopsida [Monocotyledons].
    • Subclass: Arecidae.
    • Genus: Areca L. [areca palm].
    • Species: Catechu.

    Traditional uses

    • In Ayurvedic Medicine to treat fever, headaches and rheumatism.
    • In Southern region of India it is used treat migraine headache.
    • Used to treatment for urinary problems.
    • Used to treat malaria and dysentery.
    • Eliminate tapeworms as well as intestinal parasites.
    • It provides- relief from hunger, exhaustion, abdominal pains, leprosy, leucoderma, anemia and obesity (Wang et al., 2024).

    The adverse effects of Areca Nut [AN] chewing habit on oral health have been well known since no review reporting the harmful effects of AN chewing on systemic health is yet available (Javed et al., 2010).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Plant Material

    Areca catechu were collected from medicinal plant garden of Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy Pune. The Identification and authentication was confirmed by Department of Pharmacognosy Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy Pune.

    Macromorphological and microscopical Evaluation

    Macromorphological and Microscopical characterization of Areca catechu was done as per standard WHO guidelines (Patel et al., 2019; Yusriah et al., 2016; Trease and Evans, 2009).

    Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation

    The physicochemical parameters, including foreign organic materials, loss on drying, ash values, and extractive values, were determined as per WHO guidelines (Indian Pharmacopoeia, Vol-II, 1996; Patel et al., 2019).

    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Crude Drugs

    Chemical tests were performed for the qualitative estimation of the Phytoconstituents as per standard procedures (Khandelwal K., 2010; Sapaat et al., 2022).

    Extraction and Fractionation

    1000 g of dried Areca catechu was extracted with 500 mL of Ethanol by cold maceration technique keeping it at room temperature till solvent becomes Colorless. Then filter the extract using whatman filter paper. Solvent is removed by using Vaccum evaporation by maintaining temperature between 30-40ºC (Sayuti et al., 2023). A dark Brown residue obtained having characteristic odour. Further remaining solvent is evaporated to dryness by using vacuum oven. The fractionation of ethanolic extract was carried out with solvents viz. n-Hexane, toluene, 1,2 dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate (Chavan and Singhal, 2013).

    Chromatography of Extract

    The composition of the crude extracts was checked by using TLC. Optimization of Chromatographic system was performed.

    Isolation and Characterization of Phytoconstituents

    Preparation of the Column

    Glass column was packed by wet filling. The slurry of adsorbent [Silica gel for column chromatography, 60-120 mesh] was prepared by mixing the adsorbent in the suitable solvent and used as stationary phase. It was then poured into glass column [600 cm x 4.5 cm] [having glass wool at its bottom] and allowed to settle. The air entrapped was removed by stirring with glass rod. A small amount of sand was kept a top the column to provide the latter a flat base. Excess of solvent was run off until the level of mobile phase reach to one cm just above the top of the sand layer.

    Preparation of sample and loading

    Extract of Areca catechu were impregnated with silica gel and loaded onto silica gel column to separate possible phytoconstituents. The column was eluted with Toluene and mixture of Toluene: Methanol: Glacial Acetic Acid with increasing polarity. Alteration in the composition of the eluting solvent was achieved by adding the second solvent of more polarity gradually to a reservoir of the first column. Mobile phase was passes with constant flow rate [25 mL/min]. At uniform interval, 9 elutes were collected and progress of separation was monitored by Thin layer chromatography using various solvent system (Guo et al., 2024; Khandelwal, 2006).

    Characterization of Isolated Phytoconstituents

    Preliminary Investigation of Isolated Phytoconstituents was performed followed by analysis using spectroscopic methods. 0.1mg of Phytoconstituents individually dissolved in 10 mL Ethanol. This solution was scanned between 200 nm to 600 nm in a double beam UV spectrophotometer [Shimadzu 1800]. For IR absorption spectrum for Phytoconstituents was recorded by FTIR, where drug sample was placed on IR compartment and scanned between wave number 4000-1 to 600 cm-1 using a Shimadzu Model 8400 FTIR with ATR. For Isolated phytoconstituents from Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu Small amount of Phytoconstituents was dissolved in CDCl3 and NMR spectra interpreted by Varian Mercury 500 MHz. The study has been carried out in CIF, SPPU PUNE-411007. For Isolated phytoconstituents from Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu Isolated compounds were scanned between 50m/z to 1200m/z by using Electrospray ionization technique. The study has been carried out in CIF, SPPU PUNE-411007 (Sumalatha and Ishwara, 2019; Yen et al., 2020; Letha et al., 2020).

    RESULTS

    Morphology and Microscopic Characterization

    Morphological characters of unripe fruits of Areca catechu shows light brown color with characteristic odour, having round shape, rough texture having Length and width of 1.7 cm.

    The transverse section of Areca catechu Fruit shows the presence of Endosperm, Sclerenchyma, Endosperm, Testa and Parenchyma (Figure 1).

    Figure 1: Morphology and Microscopical characterization of Areca catechu nut. Location: Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon, Pune.

    Physicochemical and Phytochemical Evaluation

    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Unripe Areca catechu Powder

    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Powder of unripe Areca catechu

    Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Powder of unripe Areca catechu shows presence of Tannins, Phenol, Flavonoid, Steroids and Alkaloids.

    Extraction and Fractionation

    Preliminary investigation of ethanolic extract of Areca catechu

    Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu was found to be Brown color solid with characteristic odour.

    Fractionation of Extract

    Characterization of Fraction and Extract

    Isolation of Phytoconstituents by Column Chromatography

    Isolation of Phytoconstituents was done by Column Chromatographic technique using Mobile Phase Toluene: Methanol: Glacial Acetic Acid (15:7.5:2.5). Total 09 Elutes are collected out of 3,4,7 Elutes are further identified.

    Preliminary Investigation of Isolated Compound

    Spectroscopic Evaluation of Isolated Compound

    Determination of UV Spectrum (λmax)

    For Isolated Compound from Ethanolic Extract of Areca catechu Maximum Absorption of Isolated Compound B-3 have been found to be 254 nm. for (B-4) 258 nm and for (B-7) 260 nm.

    Determination of Infra-Red Absorption Spectrum

    The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of various functional groups in three isolated bioactive (B-3, B-4, B-7) of Areca catechu (Figure 2).

    Figure 2: IR Spectra of Isolated Compounds (B-3), (B-4) and (B-7) from extract of Areca catechu nut.

    Determination of NMR Spectrum

    1H-NMR spectroscopy was performed for isolated bioactive (B-3, B-4, B-7) form Areca catechu to identify the adulterants in herbal (Figure 3).

    Figure 3: NMR Spectra of Isolated Compounds (B-3), (B-4) and (B-7) from extract of Areca catechu nut.

    Determination of MS Spectra

    Mass spectroscopy helps us to know the molecular mass of a compound. Compound B3 showed following peaks: 525 (Base Peak), 349.437.481.569, 613. Compound B4 showed following peaks: 365 (Base Peak), 274,425,621,753,945. Compound B7 showed following peaks: 393 9Base Peak), 312,551,659,704,763 (Figure 4).

    Figure 4: MS Spectra of Isolated Compounds (B-3), (B-4) and (B-7) from extract of Areca catechu nut.

    Structural Elucidation of Isolated Compound

    Probable Structure for Isolated Compound B-3, B-4 and B-7 (Figure 5)

    Figure 5: Probable Structure for Isolated Compound B-3, B-4 and B-7.

    DISCUSSION

    Identification of low quality and adulteration with many undesirable elements, or improper processing of the crude drug during collection, drying, storage, etc., are crucial components of raw material evaluation. Organoleptic Characteristics reveals that unripe Areca catechu have light brown colour with characteristic odour. Microscopic evaluation shows the presence of endosperm, embryo and testa (Aurelien et al., 2011). For checking the purity and quality of raw material physicochemical parameters play a crucial role unwanted parts of drugs, adulteration, possess a character that will hamper physicochemical constants. The result of physicochemical parameters is within the limit (Table 1). Result of foreign organic matter present in crude Areca catechu is very less. Not only the ultimate dryness is important, equally important is rate at which the moisture is removed thus the determination of moisture contain also provides the method of preparation of drug the results shows that Areca catechu is properly dried, which lies within the limit (Evans W., 2009). Ash values of the Areca catechu lies within the limits which signify its quality and purity and gives idea about the total inorganic content in crude drug (The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India., 1999). The Phytochemical investigation is probably responsible for activity. The preliminary phytochemical investigations of crude drug of Areca catechu were performed which shows the presence of Tannins, Phenols, Flavonoids, steroids, Alkaloids (Table 1) (Khandelwal, 2006). Extractions are a method to separate a preferred substances and phytoconstituents from row material. Extraction of Areca catechu is carried out by using maceration technique by using ethanol as solvent. Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu was dark brown in colour with characteristic odour. Fractionation is process to separate the phytoconstituents from extracts via increasing polarity. In present study fractionation was carried with five different solvents with increasing polarity (Table 2). Thin layer chromatography is generally used for separation and identification of phytoconstituents from extracts. Ethanolic extract of Areca catechu subjected to TLC and satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent was found to be Toluene: Methanol: Glacial Acetic Acid [0.6:0.3:0.1]. The column chromatography is well known tool for separation and isolation of phytoconstituents. It provides wide range separated phytoconstituents helps in screening unknown fractions/constituents. In present study mobile phase used for column chromatography is Toluene: Methanol: Glacial Acetic Acid [15:7.5:2.5]. 9 elutes were collected based on literature review 3 elutes were selected for further study (Table 3). For the structure elucidation purpose Spectroscopic and Chromatographic technique were implemented. UV Visible Spectroscopy is mostly used for identification of saturation and unsaturation in structure. FTIR was subjected for identification of functional groups present in compound. NMR is mainly used for no. of proton present in compound which helps in structure elucidation. Mass is elemental analysis used for determine masses of particles and of molecules elucidation of chemical structure of compound. Isolated Phytoconstituents exhibited maximum absorption at λmax at 254 and 273. FTIR was used for the identification of functional groups present in isolated fractions. IR spectrum of isolated compound B-3 shows OH [stretch ]at 2974, CH [ Bending ] at 1381, C-O [ stretch] at 1082, C-N (stretch) at 1257, B-4 Compound Shows N-H [ Stretch] at 3428, C-O [ Stretch] at 1085, C-N (stretch) at 1049, C-H (Bending) at 1419, and B-7 Compound Shows OH [stretch ] at 3317, C-H [Stretch ] at 2974, N-H (stretch) at 3417, C-N [ stretch] at 1327 (Table 4). Mass Spectra data used for the identification of major and minor fragments, which helps to establish the structure of compounds, by giving exact molecules elucidation of chemical structure of compound. NMR of Isolated Compound B-3 shows the Chemical Shift Between [0.5-3] which is probably for various groups (Table 5) (Jarald and Jarald, 2007; Rangari, 2005).

    Table 1: Physicochemical Parameters.
    Sl. No.Parameters (%w/w)Observation
    1Foreign organic matter1.3±0.05
    2Moisture content (LOD)11.08±0.33
    Ash Values
    3Total ash6.05±0.004
    4Acid insoluble ash1.02±0.015
    5Water soluble ash2.05±0.025
    Extractive values
    6Water soluble extractive value24.1±0.033
    7Alcohol soluble extractive value03±0.055
    Table 2: Fractionation: Fractionation of Ethanolic Extract of Areca catechu from n-Hexane-Ethyl Acetate.
    Sl. No.ParameterObservation
    n-HexaneToluene1,2-DCMChloroformEA
    1ColourColourlessColourlessLight brownColourlessColourless
    2% yield0.3%0.5%0.4%0.5%0.3%
    Table 3: Preliminary Investigation of Isolated Compound.
    Sl. No.ParametersObservation
    B-3B-4B-7
    1NatureLiquidLiquidLiquid
    2ColourBrownBrownColourless
    3% Yield0.8%0.8%0.6%
    Table 4: IR Spectra Values of Major Peaks (B-3).
    Sl. No(B-3)B-4B-7
    Wave Number Observed (cm-1)Group IdentifiedWave Number Observed (cm-1)Group IdentifiedWave Number Observed (cm-1)Group Identified
    12978-OH Stretch3428N-H Stretch3417N-H Stretch
    21381-CH Bend1419C-H Bend3317OH Stretch
    31712C=O1408C-C in ring2974C-H Stretch
    41257C-N Stretch1085C-O Stretch1381C-C Aromatic ring
    51082C-O Stretch1049C-N Stretch1327C-N Stretch
    Table 5: NMR Data of Isolated Compound (B-3).
    Sl. No.B-3B-4B-7
    Peak ObservedInferencePeak ObservedInferencePeak ObservedInference
    17.264Aromatic Proton (s)7.264Aromatic Proton (s)7.264Aromatic Proton (s)
    21.592Alkyl Proton (s)1.578Alkyl Proton (s)1.873Alkyl Proton (s)
    31.258Alkyl Proton (s)1.428Alkyl Proton (s)1.252Alkyl Proton (s)
    1.295Alkyl Proton (s)

    CONCLUSION

    The present study highlights the knowledge of the identity and quality of Areca catechu nuts. Physico-chemical and Chemical analysis of the nuts provides the quality and purity of the nuts. Areccca catechu nuts were extracted with ethanol by cold maceration technique. From extract Phytoconstituents were isolated with Column Chromatography. The isolated compounds were characterized with various Spectroscopic and Chromatographic techniques. The present study was useful for further pharmacological and therapeutic assessment.

    REFERENCES

    As published

    Showing references and in-text citations exactly as published.

    1. 1.Ahuja, S.C.; Ahuja, U.. Betel leaf and betel nut in India: History and uses. Asian Agri-History. 2011;15(1):13–35.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    2. 2.Anonymous.. The Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India. Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dept. of ISM & Homeopathy. 1999;3(1):108–109.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    3. 3.Ansari, A.; Mahmood, T.; Bagga, P.; Ahsan, F.; Shamim, A.; Ahmad, S. et al. Areca catechu: A phytopharmacological legwork. Food Frontiers. 2021;2(2):163–183.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    4. 4.Chavan, Y. V.; Singhal, R. S.. Separation of polyphenols and arecoline from areca nut (Areca catechu L.) by solvent extraction, its antioxidant activity, and identification of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2013;93(10):2580–2589. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6051DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    5. 5.Evans, W. C.. Pharmacognosy. 16th. London: W. B. Saunders. 2009;229–230.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    6. 6.Grosdidier, A.; Zoete, V.; Michielin, O.. SwissDock, a protein–small molecule docking web service based on EADock DSS. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011;39(Web Server issue):W270–W277. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkr366DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    7. 7.Guo, Z.; Wang, Z.; Luo, Y.; Ma, L.; Hu, X.; Chen, F. et al. Extraction and identification of bioactive compounds from areca nut (Areca catechu L.) and potential for future applications. Food Frontiers. 2024;5(5):1909–1932. https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.203DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    8. 8.Hong, S. S.; Choi, Y. H.; Suh, H. J.; Kang, M. J.; Shin, J. H.; Kwon, O. O. et al. Flavonoid constituents of Acacia catechu. Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry. 2015;58(3):189–194.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    9. 9.Indian Pharmacopoeia.. New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 1996;II.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    10. 10.Jarald, E.; Jarald, S.. Textbook of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. 1st. New Delhi: CBS Publishers. 2007;96–101.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    11. 11.Javed, F.; Correa, F. B.; Chotai, M.; Tappuni, A. R.; Alma, K. A.. Systemic conditions associated with areca nut usage: A literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2010;38(8):838–844. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494810378926DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    12. 12.Keys, J. D.. Chinese herbs. Boston: Tuttle Publishing. 2011.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    13. 13.Khandelwal, K. R.. Practical pharmacognosy: Techniques and experiments. 15th. Pune: Nirali Prakashan. 2006;149–153.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    14. 14.Khandelwal, K. R.. Practical pharmacognosy: Techniques and experiments. 20th. Pune: Nirali Prakashan. 2010.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    15. 15.Letha, N.; Joseph, J.; Sundar, G.; Pillai, A. U.; John, A.; Abraham, A.. Incorporation of phytochemicals into electrospun scaffolds for wound-healing applications in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers. 2020;35(4–5):451–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883911520945183DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    16. 16.Li, X.; Wang, H.; Liu, C.; Chen, R.. [Chemical constituents of Acacia catechu]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2010;35(11):1425–1427.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    17. 17.Lim, T. K.. Areca catechu. In Edible medicinal and non-medicinal plants. Dordrecht: Springer. 2011;1:260–276.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    18. 18.Patel, N. M.; Suryawanshi, H. P.; Pawar, S. P.. Phytopharmacological study of Areca catechu leaf. Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics. 2019;11(3):95–100.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    19. 19.Pathak, S. P.; Mathur, S. S.. The component acids and glycerides of areca-nut (Areca catechu) fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 1954;5(10):461–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740051003DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    20. 20.Rangari, V. D.. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry: Part I. Pune: Career Publications. 2005;129–153.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    21. 21.Rashid, M.; Shamsi, S.; Zaman, R.; Ilahi, A.. Areca catechu: Enfolding of historical and therapeutic traditional knowledge with modern update. International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 2015;2(5):221–228.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    22. 22.Rathod, K.; Shivprasad, M.; Rajshekhar.. Characterization and extraction of tannin from areca nut waste and using it as rust deactivator. International Journal of Science and Engineering Research. 2015;3(2):366–372.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    23. 23.Rizvi, S. A.; Saleh, A. M.. Applications of nanoparticle systems in drug delivery technology. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2017;25(2):117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2016.10.012DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    24. 24.Sapaat, N. A.; Abdullah, A.; Ghazali, S. M.. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Areca catechu nut husk. J Academia. 2022;10(1):71–80.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    25. 25.Sayuti, N. A.; Kirwanto, A.. Antioxidant activity test of macerated extract and sonicated extract of areca nut (Areca catechu L.). Research Journal of Pharmacology and Technology. 2023;16(12):5586–5592. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00939DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    26. 26.Staples, G. W.; Bevacqua, R. F.. Areca catechu (betel nut palm). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. 2006;1(13):1–9.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    27. 27.Staples, G. W.; Bevacqua, R. F.. Areca catechu (betel nut palm). 2006.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    28. 28.Sumalatha, K.; Bhat, I. J.. Extraction, characterization and identification of major chemical components of areca nut extract at its different stages. Iranian Journal of Energy and Environment. 2019;10(2):136–146. https://doi.org/10.5829/ijee.2019.10.02.10DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    29. 29.Wang, Z.; Guo, Z.; Luo, Y.; Ma, L.; Hu, X.; Chen, F. et al. A review of the traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of areca nut. Phytomedicine. 2024;134:156005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.156005DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR
    30. 30.Yen, K. H.; Otembrou, A. A.; Nyokat, N.. Nutrition profile, chemical analysis and biological activities of Areca catechu L. seeds (Areca nut) from Borneo. Medicinal Plants. 2020;12(1):15–26.GOOGLE SCHOLAR
    31. 31.Yusriah, L.; Sapuan, S. M.; Zainudin, E. S.; Mariatti, M.. Characterization of physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of agro-waste betel nut (Areca catechu) husk fibre. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014;72:174–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.02.025DOIGOOGLE SCHOLAR

    Cite this article

    SELECT FORMAT

    Yadav, K. N., Kadam, P. V., Karanje, A. S., Halburge, P. A., Kharat, Y. B., & Bade, G. A. (2026). Structural Elucidation of Bioactive Constituents Isolated from Areca catechu L.. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(3), 741–749. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260095