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    Article

    Chemical Profiling of Mangifera indica Leaf and Mucuna pruriens Seed Extracts: A Phytochemical and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Study

    Mohamad Qutboddin1,2, Syed Sagheer Ahmed1★, Pooja Rangenahalli Chidananda Murthy1, Mohammad Ali1, Bharathi Doddla Raghunathanaidu1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G Nagara, Karnataka, INDIA.
    2. 2Department of Pharmacology, Akshaya Institute of Pharmacy (Affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science, Bengaluru), Tumkur, Karnataka, INDIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Syed Sagheer Ahmed

    Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, B. G Nagara-571448, Karnataka, INDIA.

    sysaha6835@gmail.com

    Received: 12-01-2026; Revised: 06-02-2026; Accepted: 26-03-2026.

    Volume 18, Issue 3 · pp. 750–763 · PUBLISHED Jul-Sep 2026 · DOI: 10.5530/pres.20260103

    View on Pharmacogn. Res. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background Medicinal plants remain an essential source of therapeutic agents due to their abundant phytochemicals and pharmacological attributes. Mangifera indica (mango) leaves and Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) seeds are renowned in traditional medicine for their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Scientific validation of their bioactive compounds is vital to support their medicinal uses. Aim and Objectives This study aimed to authenticate, extract, and chemically profile M. indica leaves and M. pruriens seeds, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant potential. The specific objectives were: (i) Authentication of plant material, (ii) Extraction of phytoconstituents, (iii) Preliminary phytochemical screening, (iv) Assessment of antioxidant activity using the DPPH assay, and (v) Identification of bioactive compounds through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Materials and Methods Authenticated plant materials were subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol. Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to identify major classes of secondary metabolites. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Chemical constituents were identified through GC-MS analysis. Results Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids in both extracts. The DPPH assay showed significant radical scavenging activity, which increased with concentration. GC-MS profiling identified various bioactive compounds, including notable ones in Mangifera indica leaf extract such as Thymol, Methylcarbamate derivative of 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenol methylcarbamate, 2-methyl-5-isopropylphenol, alpha-farnesene with (Z,Z) stereochemistry, beta-farnesene with (E) configuration, -cis-β-Farnesene, 6-Methyl-2-methylene-6-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (1R,5R,6S)-isomer, (1R,5R)-2-Methyl-5-[(R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, and Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester. The extract from Mucuna pruriens seeds contained significant components such as 1) ethyl undecanoate, 2) ethyl decanoate, 3) methyl 2-methyloctanoate, 4) ethyl 10-bromodecanoate, and 5) 2-ethylheptanoic. Free fatty acids, including decanoic and undecanoic acids, are known for their antifungal, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant properties. Discussion The present findings corroborate the traditional uses of Mangifera indica and Mucuna pruriens as natural sources of bioactive antioxidants. The phytochemical diversity, along with the statistically significant antioxidant activity demonstrated in the DPPH assay, provides a strong basis for their continued investigation as therapeutic agents. Conclusion The findings highlight the phytochemical diversity and strong antioxidant potential of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds. These results validate their traditional use and provide a scientific basis for further pharmacological and therapeutic research.

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    INTRODUCTION

    Mangoes, scientifically known as Mangifera indica, are part of the Mangifera genus within the Anacardiaceae family, which falls under the Sapindales order. These trees thrive in numerous locations worldwide, particularly in tropical areas (Parvez, 2016). Mango trees are characterized by simple leaves that are alternately positioned and measure between 15 and 45 cm in length. The petiole, which is consistently swollen at its base, ranges from 1-12 cm in length (Hill, 1963). Mangoes can weigh up to 700 g. Mangifera indica is renowned for its wide range of therapeutic benefits, including antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, and antimicrobial properties (Saleem et al., 2019; Kumar et al., 2021). Mangoes are rich in phytochemicals and nutrients (Ajila and Rao, 2008; Parvez, 2016). In addition, the peel and pulp of mangoes are rich in carotenoids and polyphenol pigments (Gebhardt et al., 2006). The mango skin is abundant in biologically active pigments, including carotenoids such as beta-carotene, a provitamin A compound, as well as lutein and alpha-carotene (Gouado et al., 2007). Mangoes also contain polyphenols (Mahattanatawee et al., 2006; Singh et al., 2004), such as rutin, myricetin, flavanols, and the unique mango-derived xanthonoid mangiferin-C2-β-D-glucoside (Andreu et al., 2005). These compounds have been initially explored for their potential to mitigate various pathological conditions (Percival et al., 2006; Rodríguez et al., 2006). The levels of phytochemicals and nutrients appear to differ among various mango varieties (Ribeiro et al., 2007). Mucuna pruriens seeds, belonging to the Fabaceae family, are also referred to as Cowhage, Kowitch, or Kapikachu, owing to their physiological traits, therapeutic benefits, and pharmacological properties (Divya et al., 2017). The seeds of Mucuna pruriens have a smooth surface that can be dark brown, black, or occasionally mottled, with a thickness of approximately 0.5 mm, and they exhibit antiparkinsonian activity (Weiss et al., 2001). As a natural treatment for Parkinson's disease, Mucuna pruriens has shown significant neuroprotective potential (Manyam et al., 2004). Its aphrodisiac properties have also been documented (Gupta et al., 2011). The seeds and their primary component, L-DOPA, help restore spermatogenic function by counteracting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis (Singh et al., 2013). Additionally, Mucuna pruriens seed extracts demonstrate anti-diabetic potential (Majekodunmi et al., 2011) and antioxidant activity in various in vitro models (Siddhuraju and Becker, 2003). Mood-enhancing effects have been observed in rodent models of depression (Pati et al., 2010), while methanolic seed extracts affect the immune response and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in mice (Eze and Ndukwe, 2012).

    The seeds are abundant in secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, isoprene derivatives, sugar derivatives, and steroid derivatives, which contribute to antioxidant activity, neuroprotection, and antimicrobial effects. Many studies have also concentrated on the stem bark of Mangifera indica (Sellés et al., 2021). Identified volatile compounds that could be linked to its health advantages. Similarly (Ayoola et al., 2020), found phytochemicals such as tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids in mango bark (Osman and Ramlan, 2015). Employed GC-MS to analyze essential oils from three mango varieties, while (Helen et al., 2013) used gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to identify various components (Singh et al., 2015). Isolated and characterized bioactive compounds from the stem bark (Glory et al., 2020; Pino, 2012). Investigated volatile compounds that contribute to mango aroma, pinpointing key odor-active molecules. In terms of seed phytochemistry (Saikarthik et al., 2017), used GC-MS analysis to reveal major fatty acid derivatives, and Shanmugavel and Krishnamoorthy (2018) confirmed the nutraceutical potential of Mucuna pruriens seeds (Kumar and Rajeshkumar, 2017). Emphasized their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. Finally (Chukwu et al., 2022), utilized LC-MS and GC-MS to profile multiple bioactive compounds, highlighting their therapeutic potential.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Authentication

    Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds were collected from the Tumkur area.

    Authentication was performed by the pharmacognosy lab at FRLHT Bengaluru. The numbers 6565 and 6566 were authenticated.

    Extraction

    To prepare the extracts from Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds, each sample weighing 10 g shown in Figure 1 was processed with 150 mL of 80% ethanol using a Soxhlet extractor. The resulting extract was subsequently dried under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator. The dried residue was then kept in a desiccator for future use (Harborne, 1998).

    Figure 1: A. Mangifera indica Leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds, B. Mangifera indica Leaf powder and Mucuna pruriens seed powder.

    Phytochemical test

    Using established methods (Harborne, 1998), the extracts from Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds underwent initial phytochemical analysis to identify the presence of secondary metabolites.

    Pharmacognostic Analysis

    Determination of foreign matter

    The leaf powder, dried in the shade, was dispersed in a thin coating, and any outside matter was removed either by visually inspecting it with a low-power magnifying glass (6× or 10×) or by using an appropriate sieve, and the findings were documented.

    Physical properties

    The nature, color, and odor were analyzed by visual observation and smell of the leaf powder, and the characteristics were noted.

    Fluorescence analysis

    A fluorescent lamp was mounted with appropriate filters that eliminated visible light from the lamp and selectively transmitted UV radiation of precise wavelengths. Fluorescence was checked after treating leaf powder with different acids and solvents.

    Determination of percentage of ash

    A pre-weighed silica dish was used to hold 2-3 g of leaf powder that had been dried in the shade. The dish was then subjected to a gradual increase in heat until all the carbon was removed, after which it was cooled and weighed again.

    Acid in-soluble ash

    The ash, for acid-insoluble ash estimation, was treated by refluxing with 25 mL of low-concentration Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) for 5-10 min. The insoluble material was then collected in a crucible, rinsed with hot water, ignited, and weighed later

    Water soluble ash

    The process of determining aqueous-soluble ash involves boiling the collected ash in water for 5-10 min. The non-dissolvable residue was then gathered in a crucible, rinsed in hot water, ignited, and subsequently weighed. The total water-soluble ash was calculated by subtracting the weight of the insoluble residue from the total ash weight.

    DPPH scavenging activity

    A stock solution of the leaf extract (20 µL) was diluted with 1.98 mL of methanol and blended with 2 mL of 0.16 mM DPPH solution. The reaction mixture was conditioned in the dark at 37ºC for 30 min. A mixture containing only the sample buffer was used as the control. Following incubation, the absorbance was measured at 517 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, with a reagent blank as a reference. A sample blank was prepared by substituting DPPH with methanol (Duan et al., 2006).

    GC-MS analysis

    Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is an exceptionally efficient technique for separating and identifying complex phytochemical mixtures. Initially, gas chromatography is employed to separate the components of the mixture, and then each isolated component undergoes individual analysis using mass spectrometry. This approach can identify compounds in quantities as small as less than 1 mg. The process begins with the sample being injected into the Gas Chromatography device's injection port, where it is vaporized, followed by the separation and analysis of its various components. Ideally, each element creates a separate spectral apex that can be electronically documented on a paper chart. The duration from injection to elution is referred to as the “retention time,” which aids in distinguishing between different compounds. The peak height was determined from the baseline to the apex. The oven temperature was set to 290.00ºC, increasing at a rate of 10ºC/min, with helium serving as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The sample was introduced using a split-sampling technique at a 1:10 ratio (Bai et al., 2014; Sahu and Saxena, 2013).

    Statistical Analysis

    All experiments were performed in triplicate (n = 3), and the data are expressed as Mean ± Standard Deviation (SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 9.0. The normality of data was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Correlation between percent scavenging activity and total phenolic content (mg GAE/g) was evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis, and the coefficient of determination (R²) was calculated.

    RESULTS

    The extraction yields from Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds were 28% and 23%, respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids in both the extracts. The DPPH assay showed significant radical-scavenging activity, which increased with increasing concentrations. GC-MS analysis identified several bioactive compounds. The Mangifera indica leaf extract contained notable compounds such as Thymol, a Methylcarbamate derivative of 3-methyl-5-isopropylphenol methylcarbamate, 2-methyl-5-isopropylphenol, alpha-farnesene with (Z,Z) stereochemistry, beta-farnesene with (E) configuration, -cis-β-Farnesene, 6-Methyl-2-methylene-6-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane (1R,5R,6S)-isomer, (1R,5R)-2-Methyl-5-[(R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene, and Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester. The Mucuna pruriens seed extract included significant components such as 1) ethyl undecanoate, 2) ethyl decanoate, 3) methyl 2-methyloctanoate, 4) ethyl 10-bromodecanoate, and 5) 2-ethylheptanoic. Free fatty acids, such as decanoic and undecanoic acids, are known for their antifungal, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant properties. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study highlight the phytochemical diversity and bioactive potential of the Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds. The high extraction yield, presence of various secondary metabolites, and significant antioxidant activity suggest that both plants are valuable sources of pharmacologically important natural compounds. The identification of specific terpenoids, phenolic derivatives, and fatty acid esters through GC-MS profiling provides scientific support for their traditional medicinal use and suggests their potential for developing therapeutic agents for oxidative stress-related disorders, infections, and neurological conditions. Further in vitro and in vivo research is needed to investigate their mechanisms of action, safety, and efficacy for potential clinical applications.

    Preliminary test of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds

    The preliminary test of Mangifera indica leaves showed presence of carbohydrate, protein and amino acid, tannic and phenol, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides and whereas, Mucuna pruriens seeds show carbohydrate, protein and amino acid, tannic and phenol, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids are present shown in Table 1.

    Table 1: Preliminary test of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds.
    ParameterTestSeedleaf
    CarbohydrateBenedict’sFoundFound
    Proteins and amino acidsBiuretFoundFound
    Tannins and phenolFeCl3FoundFound
    GelatinFoundFound
    SaponinFoamFoundNot found
    FlavonoidLead acetateFoundFound
    TerpenoidsSalkowski’sFoundFound
    AlkaloidsDragendorff’sFoundFound
    GlycosidesLiebermann’sFoundNot found
    Cardiac glycosidesKeller kiliani’sFoundNot found
    SteroidsLiebermann-burchard’sNot foundNot found

    Pharmacognostic Analysis

    The pharmacognostic analysis of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds results showed in Tables 2-4.

    Table 2: Preliminary characteristics of Mango Leaf powder and Mucuna seeds powder.
    Sl. No.TestsParameterMango LeafMucuna seed
    1CharacteristicsMorphologyMature leaves with long elliptical, pointed ends and smooth surface. 20-22 cm long dark green in colourSolid bean shaped seeds, dark black colour with smooth texture
    2Foreign mattersVery few solid mid rib particlesNo, sample was fine powder
    3PhysicalNatureFine powderFine powder
    4ColorDark greenishLight green
    5OdorCharacteristicCharacteristics
    6Ash values (% w/v)Total ash12.29±0.114.2±0.12
    7Acid in-soluble ash (% w/v)Acid in soluble8.2±0.880.95±0.09
    8Water soluble ash (% w/v)Water soluble12.07±0.421.66±0.10
    Table 3: Fluorescence analysis of mango leaves.
    TreatmentLeaf
    UV254UV365
    Powder as suchNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder+Conc. HClNon-fluorescentLight green fluorescence in the border
    Powder+1M NaOHLightish green fluorescence in the borderNon-fluorescent
    Powder+ethanolLightest green fluorescence spottedLight green spotted fluorescence
    Powder+acetic acidNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder+methanolNon-fluorescentLight green spotted fluorescence
    Powder+1M H2SO4Light green fluorescence spottedBoarder light green fluorescence
    Powder+petroleum etherNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder+waterNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Table 4: Fluorescence analysis of Mucuna seeds.
    TreatmentSeeds
    UV254UV365
    Powder as suchNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder + Conc. HClLight green fluorescence spottedNon-fluorescent
    Powder + 1M NaOHNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder + ethanolLightish green border fluorescenceSlight green border spotted fluorescence
    Powder + acetic acidNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder + methanolNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder + 1M H2SO4Non-fluorescentNon-fluorescent
    Powder + petroleum etherSlight green spotted fluorescenceNon-fluorescent
    Powder + waterNon-fluorescentNon-fluorescent

    DPPH scavenging activity

    Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. DPPH is a stable compound that pairs with a hydrogen donor and is reduced to DPPH-H⁺; consequently, the absorption decreases, and decolorization occurs. An increase in electron capture leads to more pronounced decolorization and a higher reducing potential. were observed. Table 5. explained that the percent inhibition of Mangifera indica leaves was 59.46 and that of Mucuna pruriens seeds was 95.02., respectively. Also, standard gallic acid graph is plotted at different concentration showed in Figures 2 and 3. The regression value of gallic acid found to be 0.94.55.

    Figure 2: DPPH scavenging activity of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds.
    Table 5: DPPH scavenging activity of given extract.
    SamplePercent scavengingActivity-mg GAE/g
    Leaf59.46350.15±0.11
    Seed95.02559.58±0.01
    Figure 3: Standard graph of Gallic acid at different concentrations on DPPH assay. As shown in Figure 3 The calibration curve of gallic acid in the DPPH assay exhibited a linear relationship between concentration and percentage inhibition (y=0.8498x, R²=0.9785, p<0.001). The high correlation coefficient (r=0.989) confirmed the strong linearity and reliability of the assay for antioxidant quantification.

    Standard graph for DPPH scavenging activity

    GC-MS tabulation of bioactive molecule on Mangifera indica leaf

    As shown in Figure 4, GC-MS analysis of Mangifera indica leaves revealed 11 major constituents, including Thymol; Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamate; Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl); (Z,Z)-α-Farnesene; (E)-β-Farnesene; cis-β-Farnesene; (+)-2-Carene, 4-α-isopropenyl; trans-α-Bergamotene; Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6-methyl-2-methylene-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-,[1R-(1α,5α,6β)], (1R,5R)-2-methyl-5-((R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene; and Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl ester, as summarized in Table 6.

    Figure 4: Mass Spectra of Leaf extract of Mangifera indica (ethanol-based).
    Table 6: Bioactive chemical constituent of ethanolic Mangifera indica leaf.
    NameMFMwPeak %RMFPharmacological Activity
    ThymolC10H14O15020.3%738Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiseptic, insecticidal
    Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamateC12H17NO220714.8%729CNS modulating effects (carbamates may have insecticidal/acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity)
    Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)C10H14O1506.01%736Antioxidant, antimicrobial
    (Z,Z)-α-FarneseneC15H2420411.6%703Antifungal, insect repellent (alarm pheromone in aphids), anti-inflammatory, flavoring agent
    (E)-β-FarneseneC15H242047.48%652Antifungal, insect repellent (alarm pheromone in aphids), anti-inflammatory, flavoring agent
    cis-β-FarneseneC15H242045.73%644Antifungal, insect repellent (alarm pheromone in aphids), anti-inflammatory, flavoring agent
    (+)-2-Carene, 4-α-isopropenyl (terpens)C13H201765.29%640Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, CNS depressant
    trans-α-Bergamotene (terpens)C15H242044.05%660Antimicrobial, cytotoxic, insecticidal, anticancer potential
    Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 6-methyl-2-methylene-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, [1R-(1α,5α,6β)]C15H2420418.7%687Typically have insecticidal, antimicrobial, and possibly CNS effects
    (1R,5R)-2-Methyl-5-((R)-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-eneC15H2420414.5%686antimicrobial, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory
    Oxalic acid, allyl hexadecyl esterC21H38O43543.32%713Antifungal, Antioxidant

    Bioactive chemical constituent of ethanolic Mangifera indica leaf

    GC-MS analysis of Mucuna pruriens seeds identified five primary components: ethyl undecanoate, ethyl decanoate, methyl 2-methyloctanoate, ethyl 10-bromodecanoate, and 2-ethylheptanoic acid tabulated showed in Table 7. And Figures 6 and 7.

    Figure 5: Gas Chromatogram of Ethanolic Extract Mangifera indica leaf. Figure 5 illustrates the chromatogram demonstrating the separation of phytochemical components found in the ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaves. Each peak represents a compound identified by its retention time, highlighting the intricate phytochemical composition of the extract.
    Figure 6: Mass Spectra of Seed extract of Mucuna pruriens (ethanol-based).
    Figure 7: Gas Chromatogram of Mucuna pruriens seeds Ethanol Extract.
    Table 7: GC-MS tabulation of bioactive molecule on Mucuna pruriens seeds.
    Name of the compoundMFMWPeak %RMFPharmacological Activity
    Undecanoic acidC13H26O221415.6%716Antifungal, skin protectant, used in cosmetics and topical antifungals
    Decanoic acidC14H28O22287.57%695Anticonvulsant activity
    Octanoic acidC10H20O21725.95%;678Antibacterial, antifungal, used in fragrance and food industries
    10-Bromodecanoic acidC12H23BrO22785.06%;673anticancer, enzyme inhibitors (e.g., lipase) or membrane-disrupting agents
    Heptanoic acid, 2-ethylC9H18O215822.1%740Used in cosmetics; antibacterial and possibly anti-inflammatory

    DISCUSSION

    The present findings corroborate the traditional uses of Mangifera indica and Mucuna pruriens as natural sources of bioactive antioxidants. The phytochemical diversity, along with the statistically significant antioxidant activity demonstrated in the DPPH assay, provides a strong basis for their continued investigation as therapeutic agents. Future studies focusing on isolation of active compounds, structure–activity relationship analysis, and in vivo validation of neuroprotective efficacy will be valuable for developing novel plant-based antioxidants or adjunct therapies. The preliminary phytochemical screening of both M. indica leaves and M. pruriens seeds confirmed the presence of a wide spectrum of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. These classes of compounds are well-known for their biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Results revealed that both plant extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with M. pruriens seeds showing a higher percent inhibition (95.02%) compared to M. indica leaves (59.46%). This suggests that M. pruriens seed extract is particularly potent in neutralizing free radicals, which may be attributed to its rich content of fatty acids and other antioxidant phytochemicals. GC-MS profiling provided detailed insights into the chemical composition of the ethanol extracts.

    The leaf extract of Mangifera indica showed several major constituents such as Thymol, Phenol, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-, methylcarbamate, Phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl), (E)-β-Farnesene. These constituents proved to have Antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiseptic, insecticidal, CNS modulating effects.

    The seed extract of M. pruriens revealed major constituents such as Ethyl undecanoate,Ethyl decanoate, Methyl 2-methyloctanoate. These compounds, primarily fatty acid esters and derivatives, are recognized for their antifungal, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant activities. The presence of such molecules aligns with the known neuroprotective and antimicrobial properties of M. pruriens. The detection of free fatty acids like decanoic and undecanoic acid-well-known for membrane disruption in pathogens-further confirms its antimicrobial potential The pharmacognostic evaluations provided essential data for standardization, including ash values and fluorescence characteristics. These parameters serve as quality control indicators and can be used for the authentication and purity assessment of herbal raw materials. High extraction yields (28% for M. indica, 23% for M. pruriens) also highlight the efficiency of ethanol as a solvent in capturing bioactive compounds from both plant materials.

    Bioactive molecule graph of GC-MS characterization of the ethanolic extract of Mangifera indica leaf

    CONCLUSION

    This study effectively demonstrated the abundant phytochemical content and chemical diversity present in the extracts of Mangifera indica leaves and Mucuna pruriens seeds through preliminary phytochemical analysis and GC-MS profiling. This study identified important secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenolics, and terpenoids, which validate the medicinal properties of these plants and support their traditional therapeutic uses. GC-MS profiling of Mangifera indica leaf extract revealed various bioactive compounds, such as phenolic derivatives, terpenoids, and farnesene-type sesquiterpenes, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Similarly, the presence of medium-chain fatty acid esters and fatty acids, such as ethyl undecanoate and ethyl decanoate, in Mucuna pruriens seed extract confirms its established antifungal, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant effects. These findings affirm the pharmacological potential of both plant species as sources of natural bioactive compounds and highlight their importance in developing new phytopharmaceuticals.

    Bioactive molecule graph of Gas- Chromatography and mass spectroscopy on Ethanolic Extract of Mucuna pruriens seeds

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    Qutboddin, M., Ahmed, S. S., Murthy, P. R. C., Ali, M., & Raghunathanaidu, B. D. (2026). Chemical Profiling of Mangifera indica Leaf and Mucuna pruriens Seed Extracts: A Phytochemical and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Study. Pharmacognosy Research, 18(3), 750–763. https://doi.org/10.5530/pres.20260103