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    Free Radicals and AntioxidantsNOW IN
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    Sustainable Utilization of Agricultural Waste: Formulation of an Antioxidant Face Gel from Coconut Husk, Pineapple Peel, and Watermelon Rind

    Fazlina Mustaffa1★, Geethaa Sahgal1, Mohamed Asem Ameerdin2, Varatharajan Rajavel1, Dhivyasri Mogan1, Wong Wan Xuan1, Keerthana Asokumar1★ Corresponding author

    1. 1Pharmacology Toxicology and Basic Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, MALAYSIA.
    2. 2Physiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Bedong, MALAYSIA.

    CORRESPONDENCE

    Fazlina Mustaffa

    Pharmacology Toxicology and Basic Health Sciences Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, MALAYSIA.

    fazlina@aimst.edu.my

    Received: 12-01-2026; Revised: 27-02-2026; Accepted: 09-04-2026.

    Volume 15, Issue 2 · pp. 78–83 · PUBLISHED 2025 · DOI: 10.5530/fra.2025.2.10

    View on Free Rad. Antiox. original site ↗

    ABSTRACT

    Background: The increasing generation of waste product has become a main environmental concern worldwide, especially due to the disposal of fruit residues such as rinds and peels. These agricultural by-products are rich sources of bioactive phytochemicals including phenolic compounds and flavonoids with potential antioxidant and cosmetic applications. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluate a moisturizing antioxidant face gel using extracts from watermelon rind (Citrullus lanatus), pineapple peel (Ananas comosus), and coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) as a sustainable waste management approach. Materials and Methods: Fruit peels were extracted using 96% ethanol through maceration, and the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Three gel formulations containing 1%, 2%, and 3% fruit peel extracts were prepared using Carbopol as a gelling agent and evaluated for physicochemical properties including stability, spreadability, gel strength, washability, and pH. Accelerated stability tests indicated that all formulations remained stable with no phase separation and maintained acceptable pH and homogeneity. Results: Among the extracts, coconut husk demonstrated the highest phenolic content (66 mg GAE/g), followed by pineapple peel and watermelon rind. In vivo evaluation using Sprague Dawley rats showed that the gel formulation containing 1% extract significantly improved skin moisture levels compared to the control group (p<0.05) without causing skin irritation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that fruit peel waste possesses significant antioxidant potential and can be utilized as a sustainable raw material for the development of skincare formulations while efficiently managing the agricultural food waste.

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      Mustaffa, F., Sahgal, G., Ameerdin, M. A., Rajavel, V., Mogan, D., Xuan, W. W., & Asokumar, K. (2025). Sustainable Utilization of Agricultural Waste: Formulation of an Antioxidant Face Gel from Coconut Husk, Pineapple Peel, and Watermelon Rind. Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 15(2), 78–83. https://doi.org/10.5530/fra.2025.2.10